Some images supplied by Getty Images. Other images, graphs, diagrams, and illustrations in this course, unless otherwise specified, are TVO created.
TVO Arts - The Wisdom of the Universe | Christi Belcourt, Friends & Enemies, URL: https://www.tvoarts.org/works-of-art/christi-belcourt-wisdom-of-the-universe, Published 25/03/2024, Accessed 06/03/2025.
Physiographic Regions of Canada, TVO/OECA, Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada, URL: https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/a3dfbaf4-1b20-4061-aa0a-e7a79953f52d, Accessed 19/02/2025.
National Burned Area Composite maps, 2003/2013/2023, TVO/OECA, Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada (https://open.canada.ca/en/open-government-licence-canada). Source: Canadian Forest Service. National Burned Area Composite (NBAC). Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta. https://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca.
Animation: How a Glacier Melts, NASA, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QVVzFPChAU, Published 05/11/2020, Accessed 06/03/2025.
Indigenous Perspectives on the Great Lakes. Copyright © The Agenda with Steve Paikin/The Ontario Educational Communications Authority (TVO). All rights reserved.
Lake Superior graph, TVO/OECA, adapted from Climate Change Indicators: Great Lakes Water Levels and Temperatures, US Environmental Protection Agency, URL: https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/great-lakes, Published 06/2024, Accessed 19/02/2025. Based on data from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. (2024). Great Lakes water level dashboard. Retrieved March 14, 2024, from www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/dashboard.
Lake Michigan and Huron graph, TVO/OECA, adapted from Climate Change Indicators: Great Lakes Water Levels and Temperatures, US Environmental Protection Agency, URL: https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/great-lakes, Published 06/2024, Accessed 02/05/2025. Based on data from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. (2024). Great Lakes water level dashboard. Retrieved March 14, 2024, from www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/dashboard.
Lake Erie graph, TVO/OECA, adapted from Climate Change Indicators: Great Lakes Water Levels and Temperatures, US Environmental Protection Agency, URL: https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/great-lakes, Published 06/2024, Accessed 19/02/2025. Based on data from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. (2024). Great Lakes water level dashboard. Retrieved March 14, 2024, from www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/dashboard.
Lake Ontario graph, TVO/OECA, adapted from Climate Change Indicators: Great Lakes Water Levels and Temperatures, US Environmental Protection Agency, URL: https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/great-lakes, Published 06/2024, Accessed 19/02/2025. Based on data from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. (2024). Great Lakes water level dashboard. Retrieved March 14, 2024, from www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/dashboard.
Great Lakes, Global Warming, and Crazy Weather. Copyright © The Agenda with Steve Paikin/The Ontario Educational Communications Authority (TVO). All rights reserved.
Is Lake Ontario the Neglected Great Lake?. Copyright © The Agenda with Steve Paikin/The Ontario Educational Communications Authority (TVO). All rights reserved.
Political Map of Canada, TVO/OECA, Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada, URL: https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/e9ffaaa6-c8f0-4c88-be9a-5d019a919ad8, Published 2022, Accessed 19/02/2025.
Income Thematic Map, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Median household after-tax income in 2020, by 2021 census division (CD), 2023. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/geo/maps-cartes/thematicmaps-cartesthematiques/inc-rev/map-eng.cfm?lang=E&mapid=1&dguid=2021A000011124, Accessed 25/02/2025.
Stories From the Land: Indigenous Place Names in Canada, Geographical Names Board of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/0a309f2c-4f11-4ddb-bce1-e7ba6f8c20cf, Published 21/06/2019, Accessed 18/03/2025. Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada.
Why all world maps are wrong, Vox Media, LLC, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIID5FDi2JQ, Published 02/12/2016, Accessed 06/03/2025.
Earthquakes in or Near Canada, 1627-2022 (map), Source: "Earthquake Map of Canada." Lands and Minerals Sector, Natural Resources Canada, 2022, https://www.earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/historic-historique/caneqmap-en.php. Reproduced with the permission of the Department of Natural Resources, 2025.
ArcGIS Online Case Study: Emergency Management – Cal OES, ArcGIS, Esri, URL: https://mediaspace.esri.com/media/t/1_kts7u1dg, Published 22/04/2016, Accessed 06/03/2025.
Canada Flood Map Inventory, TVO/OECA, Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada, URL: https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/a13a2575-5bda-4bfd-a9b1-5bd2dd583f09, Published 30/07/2024, Accessed 26/03/2025.
Using community data and analytics to build resilience to flooding, FuturumCareers, Sci-Comm Consulting Ltd, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQUulgzMA18, Published 17/01/2022, Accessed 06/03/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
Excerpt from Earth: The Power of the Planet - Episode 1: Volcano, BBC, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMqLwrG8uO0, Published 23/09/2008, Accessed 08/05/2025.
Hunting With My Ancestors - Caribou hunting in Canada's Arctic (Arviat, Nunavut), Isuma Distribution International Ltd, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGamNJsZoDw, Published 01/06/2023, Accessed 08/05/2025.
800,000 Years of Carbon Dioxide and Temperature, TVO/OECA, adapted from Fourth National Climate Assessment - Figure A5.4: 800,000 Years of CO2 and Temperature Change, U.S. Global Change Research Program, URL: https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/appendix-5#fig-A5-4, Published 23/11/2018, Accessed 04/04/2025. Based on data from US Environmental Protection Agency (2017) and European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (2007). With additional annotations from Jeffrey Bennett, Big Kid Science, URL: https://grade8science.com/7-1-4-how-does-human-caused-climate-change-compare-to-natural-climate-change/.
ANTHROPOCENE: The Human Epoch Trailer [HD] Mongrel Media, Anthropocene Films Inc, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kiYoojU_z-A, Published 05/09/2018, Accessed 04/04/2025.
Coexisting with a longer fire season, Climate Atlas of Canada, Prairie Climate Centre, URL: https://climateatlas.ca/video/toddi-steelman, Published 07/11/2018, Accessed 28/03/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Winter Roads in a warming Climate, Climate Atlas of Canada, Prairie Climate Centre, URL: https://climateatlas.ca/video/northern-manitoba, Published 01/04/2018, Accessed 28/03/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Adapting to sea level rise, Climate Atlas of Canada, Prairie Climate Centre, URL: https://climateatlas.ca/video/indian-island-new-brunswick, Published 31/03/2018, Accessed 28/03/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Storms of the Future, Climate Atlas of Canada, Prairie Climate Centre, URL: https://climateatlas.ca/video/storms-future, Published 31/03/2018, Accessed 28/03/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Ferryland - Small towns vs. Sea level rise, Climate Atlas of Canada, Prairie Climate Centre, URL: https://climateatlas.ca/video/ferryland-newfoundland, Published 31/03/2018, Accessed 28/03/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
The Thread with Nam Kiwanuka - Extreme Weather, TVO, OECA, URL: https://www.tvo.org/video/extreme-weather, Published 19/03/2025, Accessed 04/04/2025.
Métis Perspectives on Climate and Conservation, Climate Atlas of Canada, Prairie Climate Centre, URL: https://climateatlas.ca/video/metis-perspectives-climate-and-conservation, Published 28/03/2025, Accessed 28/03/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Indigenous Climate Action: Community-based solutions rooted in decolonization, Climate Atlas of Canada, Prairie Climate Centre, URL: https://climateatlas.ca/video/indigenous-climate-action, Published 03/07/2019, Accessed 28/03/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Elder Joanasie speaks to youth about climate change, Climate Atlas of Canada, Prairie Climate Centre, URL: https://climateatlas.ca/video/elder-joanasie-speaks-youth-about-climate-change, Published 09/07/2020, Accessed 28/03/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
What is plagiarism and how to avoid it, Brock University Library, Brock University, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pmab92ghG0M, Published 02/09/2014, Accessed 21/08/2024. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/.
Population Dependent on Groundwater (map), TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Human Activity and the Environment, 2010 - Map 2.1: Canadian population dependent on groundwater, by drainage region, 2006. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/16-201-x/16-201-x2010000-eng.htm, Accessed 16/04/2025.
Water sources: groundwater, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/water-overview/sources/groundwater.html#sub5, Published 09/09/2013, Accessed 28/02/2025.
Earth's Water Distribution, TVO/OECA, adapted from The distribution of water on, in, and above the Earth - Where is Earth's Water?, Water Science School, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/distribution-water-and-above-earth-0, Published c. 1993, Accessed 05/06/2025.
Drinking Water Advisories Graph, TVO/OECA, adapted from Ending Long-Term Drinking Water Advisories - Long-term drinking water advisories on public systems on reserves as of February 27, 2025, Indigenous Services Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1506514143353/1533317130660, Published 27/02/2025, Accessed 04/03/2025.
Drinking Water Advisories on Reservations, TVO/OECA, adapted from Drinking Water - Number of long-term drinking water advisories on public systems on reserves, May 2016 to June 2024, Indigenous Services Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www160.statcan.gc.ca/environment-environnement/drinking-water-eau-potable-eng.htm, Published 07/11/2024, Accessed 04/03/2025.
Introduction to Land-based Rainwater Harvesting - RUVIVAL Toolbox, RUVIVAL, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yhWEkXqVR0, Published 11/01/2019, Accessed 16/04/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/.
What is the tragedy of the commons? - Nicholas Amendolare, TED-Ed, TED Conferences, LLC, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxC161GvMPc, Published 21/11/2017, Accessed 16/04/2025.
Indigenous Voices on Treaties - Anne Taylor, Government of Ontario, King's Printer for Ontario, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aygzmQSBVZs, Published 02/11/2020, Accessed 16/04/2025. © King's Printer for Ontario, 2020.
Newfoundland cod fishery: Lessons not learned?, CBC News: The National, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sFmT8IXGhw, Published 28/06/2017, Accessed 16/04/2025.
Atlantic Cod Distribution, TVO/OECA, adapted from Aquatic Species Distribution Map Viewer, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Reproduced with permission, URL: https://www.fao.org/fishery/geoserver/factsheets/species.html?species=COD-m&extent=-159.3211625,-40.696937500000004,125.44446249999999,152.6624375¢er=-16.938350000000014,55.982749999999996&zoom=0&prj=4326, Accessed 16/04/2025.
Carbon Footprint by Domain (graph), TVO/OECA, adapted from 1.5-Degree Lifestyles: Towards a Fair Consumption Space for All (2021), Hot or Cool Institute gGmbH, URL: https://hotorcool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Hot_or_Cool_1_5_lifestyles_FULL_REPORT_AND_ANNEX_B.pdf, Published 10/2021, Accessed 06/03/2025.
10 Key Facts on Canada's Natural Resources, Natural Resources Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://natural-resources.canada.ca/sites/nrcan/files/mineralsmetals/pdf/23-05722-10-Key-Facts-Canada-Natural-Resources_EN_2024.pdf, Published undefined, Accessed 16/04/2025. © His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2024.
Fields of Gold: Canola exports and production, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Fields of gold: Canola exports and production, 2018. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2018044-eng.htm, Published 06/12/2018, Accessed 06/03/2025.
A Glance at robots in the Canadian economy, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, A glance at robots in the Canadian economy, 1996 to 2017, 2020. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2020075-eng.htm, Published 02/11/2020, Accessed 06/03/2025.
Travel and Tourism Fast Facts, Tourism Industry Association of Canada, URL: https://tiac-aitc.ca/_Library/TIAC_Publications/ONE_PAGER_with_infographics_-_MAY30.pdf, Published undefined, Accessed 16/04/2025.
Global Energy Demand, Canadian Geographic Enterprises, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RSrviqvAmY, Published 24/10/2018, Accessed 16/04/2025.
Global primary energy consumption by source, Our World in Data, URL: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-energy-substitution?time=earliest..2023, Published undefined, Accessed 07/04/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
8th Fire - Episode 3 - Whose Land Is It Anyway?, CBC Documentary Unit, CBC/Radio-Canada, Published 2012, Accessed 16/04/2025.
Population Distribution Map, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Annual Demographic Estimates: Subprovincial Areas, July 1, 2022 - Map 1.1: Population distribution as of July 1, 2022, by census division, Canada, 2018 (2023). This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/91-214-x/2023001/section01-eng.htm, Published 11/01/2023, Accessed 28/03/2025.
Population growth in Canada, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Focus on Geography Series, 2021 Census of Population - Population in the last 170 years (chart). This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/as-sa/fogs-spg/page.cfm?lang=E&topic=1&dguid=2021A000011124, Published 16/12/2022, Accessed 28/03/2025.
Ukraine population total, TVO/OECA, adapted from Population, total - Ukraine, The World Bank Group, URL: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2023&locations=UA&start=1960&view=chart, Accessed 28/03/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Portugal population total, TVO/OECA, adapted from Population, total - Portugal, The World Bank Group, URL: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2023&locations=PT&start=1960&view=char, Accessed 28/03/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Factors of population growth, Canada, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Annual Demographic Estimates: Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2022 - Chart 1.2: Factors of population growth, 2001/2002 to 2021/2022, Canada. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/91-215-x/2022001/sec1-eng.htm, Published 28/09/2022, Accessed 28/03/2025.
Five stages of demographic transition, TVO/OECA, adapted from Demographic transition: Why is rapid population growth a temporary phenomenon?, Max Roser, Our World in Data, URL: https://ourworldindata.org/demographic-transition, Published 01/06/2019, Accessed 28/03/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Rural and Urban Canada, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Population growth in Canada's rural areas, 2016 to 2021 - Map 1: Rural and urban areas in Canada, 2021 (2022). This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/as-sa/98-200-x/2021002/98-200-x2021002-eng.cfm, Published 09/02/2022, Accessed 28/03/2025.
Source: Statistics Canada, Canada's population, July 1, 2020 (2020). Reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2020062-eng.htm, Published 29/09/2020, Accessed 28/03/2025.
Settlement and Population Data in Rural Areas, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Population counts, for census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations, population centres and rural areas. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000601, Published 09/02/2022, Accessed 28/03/2025.
Careers with GIS, Esri UK Education, Esri, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOUYf5CyLQY, Published 17/05/2022, Accessed 09/04/2025.
Urban and Regional Planners Career Video, CareerOneStop, State of Minnesota, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdrsY1vz1SU, Published 16/10/2017, Accessed 09/04/2025.
Remote Sensing Scientists, Technologists, and Technicians Career Video, CareerOneStop, State of Minnesota, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93j6ogDWhfY, Published 28/01/2019, Accessed 07/04/2025.
I Want That Job!: Geoscientist, WorkingNation, Structural Unemployment, LLC, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09-pw0zJyG0, Published 11/02/2022, Accessed 07/04/2025. Used with permission from Structural Unemployment, LLC.
What Do Landscape Architects Do?, Square One Landscape Architects, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieEWHsuFM9o, Published 14/07/2018, Accessed 07/04/2025.
Canada's birth rate hits an all-time low second year in a row: StatCan, Kenn Oliver, Postmedia Network Inc, URL: https://nationalpost.com/news/canada-record-low-fertility-rates, Published 02/10/2024, Accessed 10/03/2025.
Senior Population Infographic, TVO/OECA, adapted from Infographic: Canada's seniors population outlook: Uncharted territory, Canadian Insitute for Health Information, URL: https://www.cihi.ca/en/infographic-canadas-seniors-population-outlook-uncharted-territory, Published 2017, Accessed 14/04/2025.
Halifax Harbour Drone zoomed in, @canada_by_alexis/iStock Unreleased/Getty Images
Population Growth Map of GTA, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Canada's large urban centres continue to grow and spread - Map 1: Urban spread is continuing in the census metropolitan area of Toronto while its downtown is growing more rapidly than before (2022). This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220209/mc-b001-eng.htm, Published 09/02/2022, Accessed 24/03/2025.
Source: Statistics Canada, Canada's large urban centres continue to grow and spread (2022). Reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220209/dq220209b-eng.htm, Published 09/02/2022, Accessed 24/03/2025.
Population growth rate from 2016 to 2021, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Canada's large urban centres continue to grow and spread - Chart 1: In Toronto, Montréal and Vancouver, downtowns and distant suburbs growing at the fastest pace, while the population in intermediate suburbs of Calgary, Edmonton and Ottawa is growing fast. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220209/cg-b001-png-eng.htm, Published 09/02/2022, Accessed 24/03/2025.
Population density in 2021, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Canada's large urban centres continue to grow and spread - Chart 3: Population density increases sharply the closer you are to downtown. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220209/cg-b003-eng.htm, Published 09/02/2022, Accessed 24/03/2025.
Human Development Index, 2023, Our World in Data, URL: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/human-development-index, Published 07/05/2025, Accessed 11/06/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Airport signs in English and French, sockagphoto/iStock Editorial / Getty Images Plus/Getty Images
Population Growth Chart, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Canada at a Glance, Population, 2023 - Chart 1: Population Growth. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/12-581-x/2023001/sec1-eng.htm, Published 04/09/2024, Accessed 24/03/2025.
About That - Why Canada's making massive cuts to immigration, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqNF7hF5u3E, Published 21/10/2024, Accessed 17/04/2025.
Source: Statistics Canada, Canada at a Glance, Immigration and ethnocultural, 2023 - Chart 3: Immigrants and their percentage of the population, Canada, 1871 to 2041. Reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/12-581-x/2023001/sec2-eng.htm, Published 04/09/2024, Accessed 25/03/2025.
Are Newcomers Losing Interest in Canada?. Copyright © The Agenda with Steve Paikin/The Ontario Educational Communications Authority (TVO). All rights reserved.
Decades of Filipino immigration in Manitoba, CityNews, Rogers Media, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XDP6h9duSU, Published 07/06/2022, Accessed 15/04/2025.
My First 150 Days, 90th Parallel Productions Ltd, URL: https://www.tvo.org/video/documentaries/my-first-150-days, Published 12/04/2017, Accessed 15/04/2025.
Interprovincial migration by province or territory, 2022/2023, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Canada at a Glance, Population, 2023 - Chart 2: Interprovincial migration by province or territory, 2022/2023. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/12-581-x/2023001/sec1-eng.htm, Published 04/09/2024, Accessed 25/03/2025.
Figures 8 and 4 from Why Are So Many People Who Experience Homelessness in the City of Thunder Bay from Out of Town?, Ravi Gokani, Kristyn Lovato-Day, Ravihari Liyanage, Vijay Mago, Aaron Park, Travis Hay, Rebecca Schiff, Ken Ranta, and Shayna Cummings, Lakehead University, URL: https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/RPT%20Lakehead%20TBDSSAB%20Homelessness%20Migration%20-%20Web%20PDF.pdf, Published 14/11/2022, Accessed 05/12/2022.
The Thread with Nam Kiwanuka - Canada's Immigration Dilemma, TVO, OECA, URL: https://www.tvo.org/video/canadas-immigration-dilemma, Published 09/04/2025, Accessed 14/05/2025.
Source: Statistics Canada, Quality of Life Framework for Canada (2023). Reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. URL: https://www160.statcan.gc.ca/infosheet-infofiche-eng.htm, Published 28/03/2023, Accessed 25/04/2025.
Ukrainian refugee helping Calgary newcomers navigate life in Canada, CityNews, Rogers Media, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luUxyyql-R4, Published 26/01/2023, Accessed 07/04/2025.
Asylum claims in Canada, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics on Asylum-Seekers in Canada - Figure 1: Asylum claims in Canada | 2000-2023, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Canada, URL: https://www.unhcr.ca/in-canada/statistics-on-asylum-seekers-in-canada/, Published 03/2024, Accessed 14/03/2025. Based on data from Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, URL: https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/refugees/asylum-claims.html.
Annual asylum claimants among international students in Canada, TVO/OECA, adapted from Nearly 14,000 asylum claims filed by international students in Canada so far in 2024, The Globe & Mail, URL: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-international-students-asylum-claims-canada/, Published 14/11/2024, Accessed 25/04/2025. Based on data from Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada.
The Thread with Nam Kiwanuka - International Students, TVO, OECA, URL: https://www.tvo.org/video/international-students, Published 12/06/2024, Accessed 11/04/2025.
Share of population residing in urban areas - World, Our World in Data, URL: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-population-share-2050?time=2050, Published undefined, Accessed 28/04/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Share of population residing in urban areas - North America, Our World in Data, URL: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-population-share-2050?time=2050®ion=NorthAmerica, Published undefined, Accessed 28/04/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Ten Largest CMAs in Canada, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Census metropolitan area (CMA) and census agglomeration (CA) - Population of Canada's ten largest census metropolitan areas, 2022. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/cma-rmr/cma-rmr-eng.htm, Published 09/02/2022, Accessed 21/04/2025.
Montreal Urban Sprawl, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Canada's large urban centres continue to grow and spread - Map 2: Montréal's downtown grew at the second-fastest pace nationally from 2016 to 2021, while its distant suburb is also rising fast (2022). This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220209/dq220209b-eng.htm, Published 09/02/2022, Accessed 21/04/2025.
Population Growth Rate for 2016 to 2021, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Canada's large urban centres continue to grow and spread - Map 1: Urban spread is continuing in the census metropolitan area of Toronto while its downtown is growing more rapidly than before (2022). This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220209/dq220209b-eng.htm, Published 09/02/2022, Accessed 24/03/2025.
Contiguously settled area of Toronto, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Census of Environment: Measuring settled area expansion, 2010 to 2020 - Map 1: Built-up area growth for Toronto, Ontario (2023). This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/231027/dq231027c-eng.htm, Published 27/10/2023, Accessed 24/04/2025.
Rural and Urban Canada, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Population growth in Canada's rural areas, 2016 to 2021 - Map 1: Rural and urban areas in Canada, 2021 (2022). This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/as-sa/98-200-x/2021002/98-200-x2021002-eng.cfm, Published 09/02/2022, Accessed 28/03/2025.
We Used AI to Measure Canada's Urban Sprawl, Naël Shiab and Isabelle Bouchard, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://ici.radio-canada.ca/info/2022/03/etalement-urbain-densite-population-villes-transport-commun-changements-climatiques/en, Published 07/03/2022, Accessed 24/04/2025.
7 principles for building better cities | Peter Calthorpe | TED, TED, TED Conferences, LLC, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFjD3NMv6Kw, Published 31/08/2017, Accessed 29/04/2025.
College Street Traffic in Downtown Toronto, Canada, KathrynHatashitaLee/iStock Unreleased/Getty Images
Victoria British Columbia downtown city shops and businesses, Pgiam/iStock Unreleased/Getty Images
Granville Island Brewing taproom: Vancouver, Canada, Liz Leyden/iStock Unreleased/Getty Images
TIFF Lightbox building on King Street West. Toronto, Canada - May 25, 2024, Lumos Ajans/iStock Editorial / Getty Images Plus/Getty Images
Zoning map of Toronto, TVO/OECA, adapted from City of Toronto, Land Use Designations (map), URL: https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/8e9c-city-planning-multiplex-oplu-map-scaled.jpg, Accessed 29/04/2025.
Greenbelt Plan (2023), Municipal Affairs and Housing, Government of Ontario, URL: https://data.ontario.ca/dataset/greenbelt-plan-mapping, Published 13/12/2023, Accessed 01/05/2025. Licensed under the Open Government Licence – Ontario, reproduced © King's Printer for Ontario, 2023.
Used with permission from the National Association of Friendship Centres (NAFC). Urbanization and Indigenous Peoples in Canada. NAFC 2021, All rights reserved. URL: https://nafc.ca/downloads/un-questionnaire-from-the-special-rapporteur-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples-2021.pdf.
A Flooded City Road, madsci/iStock Editorial / Getty Images Plus/Getty Images
How China is designing flood-resistant cities, Vox Media, LLC, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nf-Yy3EuZi0, Published 26/10/2023, Accessed 29/04/2025.
Indigenous researchers plant seeds of hope for health and climate, Hannah Tait Neufeld, Brittany Luby, Kim Anderson, Academic Journalism Society, URL: https://theconversation.com/indigenous-researchers-plant-seeds-of-hope-for-health-and-climate-106217, Published 12/02/2019, Accessed 25/04/2025.
The New Regent Park. Copyright © The Agenda with Steve Paikin/The Ontario Educational Communications Authority (TVO). All rights reserved.
The Thread with Nam Kiwanuka - Fighting Food Insecurity, TVO, OECA, URL: https://www.tvo.org/video/fighting-food-insecurity, Published 03/07/2024, Accessed 29/04/2025.
Is Canada's Food System Broken?. Copyright © The Agenda with Steve Paikin/The Ontario Educational Communications Authority (TVO). All rights reserved.
Inuit Nunangat Food Security Strategy, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, URL: https://www.itk.ca/projects/inuit-nunangat-food-security-strategy/, Published undefined, Accessed 01/04/2025.
The Thread with Nam Kiwanuka - The Fight for Green Space, TVO, OECA, URL: https://www.tvo.org/video/the-thread-the-fight-for-green-space, Published 28/05/2023, Accessed 29/04/2025.
Urban Farming: Growing Community with Container Gardening. Copyright © The Agenda with Steve Paikin/The Ontario Educational Communications Authority (TVO). All rights reserved.
Toronto Bike Share rental bicycles, Renita Colaco/iStock Editorial / Getty Images Plus/Getty Images
Alternative Fuel Stations, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, URL: https://developer.nrel.gov/docs/transportation/alt-fuel-stations-v1/, Accessed 07/05/2025.
Top 5 Overall Global Ranking, Arcadis, Chamber of Commerce Amsterdam, URL: https://www.arcadis.com/en/insights/perspectives/global/sustainable-cities-index-2024, Published 2024, Accessed 29/04/2025.
Population growth rate from 2016 to 2021, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Canada's large urban centres continue to grow and spread - Chart 1: In Toronto, Montréal and Vancouver, downtowns and distant suburbs growing at the fastest pace, while the population in intermediate suburbs of Calgary, Edmonton and Ottawa is growing fast. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220209/cg-b001-png-eng.htm, Published 09/02/2022, Accessed 24/03/2025.
Factors of population growth, Canada, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Annual Demographic Estimates: Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2022 - Chart 1.2: Factors of population growth, 2001/2002 to 2021/2022, Canada. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/91-215-x/2022001/sec1-eng.htm, Published 28/09/2022, Accessed 28/03/2025.
Population growth in Canada, TVO/OECA, adapted from Statistics Canada, Focus on Geography Series, 2021 Census of Population - Population in the last 170 years (chart). This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. URL: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/as-sa/fogs-spg/page.cfm?lang=E&topic=1&dguid=2021A000011124, Published 16/12/2022, Accessed 28/03/2025.