CHC2D Acknowledgements

Some images supplied by Getty Images. Other images, graphs, diagrams, and illustrations in this course, unless otherwise specified, are TVO created.

Unit 1

Political map of Europe showing the European countries, Nations Online Project, URL: https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/europe_map.htm, Accessed 10/05/2021. Copyright © 1998-2022, nationsonline.org.

369th Infantry marching on Fifth Avenue, New York City. Returned [African American] troops of the 369th Infantry, the old 15th of New York City, marching in parade in their honor on Fifth Avenue, War Department. 1789-9/18/1947, US National Archives and Records Administration, URL: https://catalog.archives.gov/id/533579, Published 17/02/1919, Accessed 10/05/2021. Local Identifier:165-WW-127(88) From: American Unofficial Collection of World War I Photographs.

Political cartoon: Entente Cordiale, Bernard Partridge, URL: http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/battles/entente-cordiale-why-britain-went-to-war-in-1914/, Published 22/04/1914, Accessed 10/05/2021. Appeared in Punch.

The Rhodes Colossus: Caricature of Cecil John Rhodes, Edward Linley Sambourne, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png, Published 10/12/1892, Accessed 10/05/2021. Appeared in Punch; Sourced from Exploring History 1400-1900: An Anthology of Primary Sources. Edited by Rachel Gibbons, Manchester University Press, 2007, p. 401.

The Allies - Onward to Victory, Government of the United Kingdom, URL: https://merryfarmer.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/allies-of-wwi.jpg, Published 1916, Accessed 10/05/2021. World War I Allied propaganda postcard.

The Under-Study: The Triple Alliance Revised and Corrected, Project Gutenberg, URL: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20521/20521-h/20521-h.htm#The_Under-Study, Published 03/1915, Accessed 10/05/2021. Originally published in Numero, Turin. Project Gutenburg e-book published: February 6, 2007.

Triple Entente, Creator unknown, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triple_Entente.jpg, Published ca. 1914, Accessed 10/05/2021. Russian poster.

Political Map of Europe showing the European countries, Nations Online Project, URL: https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/europe_map.htm, Accessed 10/05/2021. Copyright © 1998-2022, nationsonline.org.

Map of unification of Italy, 1815-1870, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Italy_unification_1815_1870.jpg, Accessed 10/05/2021. Appeared in Shepherd, William. Historical Atlas. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1911.

Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Creator unknown, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy.jpg, Accessed 10/05/2021.

The three rulers of the Triple Alliance: Emperor Wilhelm II of the German Empire, Emperor Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, and King Vittorio Emanuele III of Italy, Creator unknown, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20170325223930/http://wwitoday.com/wwiScOrganizationDetail.php?id=61, Published 1912, Accessed 10/05/2021. Postcard postmarked Cuxhaven, Germany, October 7, 2012.

Viva Tripoli Italiana!, Creator unknown, URL: https://www.corriere.it/unita-italia-150/11_agosto_23/romano-battaglia-tripoli-italia_c51ced62-cd8c-11e0-8914-d32bd7027ea8.shtml, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Italian nationalistic leaflet, Gabriele d'Annunzio, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Volantinodann.jpg, Published 1918, Accessed 10/05/2021. Italian translation of a propaganda leaflet that Italian poet Gabriele d'Annunzio threw from his airplane during his flight above Vienna. The leaflet, scanned by Emiliano Burzagli, belongs to the private archive of Burzaghi family, Italy.

Das Deutsche Reich 1871-1918, ziegelbrenner, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich1.png, Published 21/09/2006, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source of Information: Putzger – Historischer Weltatlas, 89. Auflage, 1965; Westermanns Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte, 1969; Haacks geographischer Atlas. VEB Hermann Haack Geographisch-Kartographische Anstalt, Gotha/Leipzig, 1. Auflage, 1979; dtv-Atlas zur Weltgeschichte Band 1: Von den Anfängen bis zur Französischen Revolution; 23. Aufl. 1989, ISBN 3-423-03002-X.

Kaiser Wilhelm II, T.H. Voigt, Imperial War Museums, URL: https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205124138, Published 1902, Accessed 10/05/2021. © IWM HU 68367.

Triple Alliance cartoon from the Berlin newspaper Lustige Blätter, Creator unknown, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triple_Alliance_Lustige_Blatter.jpg, Published 1908, Accessed 10/05/2021.

British postcard depicting the Kaiser if he took "place in the sun", Creator unknown, URL: www.johndclare.net/causes_WWI2.htm, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Excerpt, National anthem of Germany, August Heinrich Hoffmann (Text), Joseph Haydn (Music), URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nationalhymne_der_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg, Published 1796-1797, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Words of the German national anthem, Deutschland uber Alles, August Heinrich Hoffmann, URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Deutschlandlied, Published 1841, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Postcard portrait of Franz Joseph Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, Creator unknown, URL: https://www.akpool.co.uk/postcards/24012753-postcard-portrait-von-kaiser-franz-joseph-i-sterreich, Published 1898, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Map of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1914, Map produced by Geographx with research assistance from Damien Fenton and Caroline Lord, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, URL: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/map-austro-hungarian-empire-1914, Published 14/08/2014, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Cartoon depicting Triple Alliance, Creator unknown, Almost History, URL: http://www.vaguelyinteresting.co.uk/why-did-italy-join-the-allies-in-1915/, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Spraddled -- "It looked as though the German Army was spread over too much territory--faced too many fronts to be effective!", William A. Rogers, The New York Herald Company, URL: https://www.sil.si.edu/ondisplay/caricatures/one_book_author3.htm, Published ca. 1917, Accessed 10/05/2021. From America's black and white book: one hundred pictured reasons why we are at war. Source: Smithsonian Libraries.

Lesser Common Coat of Arms of Austria-Hungary 1916, Hugo Gerard Ströhl (1851-1919), URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_%C3%96sterreich-Ungarn_1916_(Klein).png, Published 1917, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Map of the Republic of France in 1914, Map produced by Geographx with research assistance from Damien Fenton and Caroline Lord, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, URL: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/map-republic-france-1914, Published 14/08/2014, Accessed 10/05/2021.

President Raymond Poincaré, Bain News Service, URL: https://www.loc.gov/item/ggb2006012591/, Published 1900, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, George Grantham Bain Collection, Digital ID: ggbain 37178 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ggbain.37178.

United We Stand (Triple Entente), Creator unknown, URL: www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/images/sallies4sv2.JPG, Published 1914, Accessed 10/05/2021.

The Plumb-pudding in danger, or, State epicures taking un petit souper …, James Gillray, Publisher: H. Humphrey, London, Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Online Catalog, URL: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3g08791, Published 26/02/1805, Accessed 10/05/2021. Catalog of prints and drawings in the British Museum. Division I, political and personal satires, v. 8, no. 10371, British Cartoon Prints Collection, Digitial ID: cph 3g08791.

French Poilu regiment, Raymond Desvarreux-Larpenteur (?), URL: https://i0.wp.com/farm8.staticflickr.com/7229/6979107602_8d37c6a9c9_z.jpg, Published ca. 1914, Accessed 10/05/2021.

King George V (1865-1936) 1911-12, Sir Luke Fildes, Royal Collection Trust, URL: https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/402023/king-george-v-1865-1936, Published 1912, Accessed 10/05/2021. RCIN 402023, Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2018.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 1914, Map produced by Geographx with research assistance from Damien Fenton and Caroline Lord, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, URL: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/map-united-kingdom-great-britain-and-ireland-1914, Published 14/08/2014, Accessed 10/05/2021.

The Allies Alphabet - Rare WW1 Children's Game 1914-1918, Creator unknown, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20170214210915/www.donaygames.com/product_details.php?id=10859, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Highways of Empire: Buy Empire Goods From Home and Overseas, Gill MacDonald/British Empire Marketing Board, URL: https://data2.archives.ca/e/e431/e010770089-v8.jpg, Published 1927, Accessed 10/05/2021. Acc. No. 1983-27-382.

Rule Britannia 1, James Thompson/Thomas Augustine Arne, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rule_Britannia_1.png, Published 1741, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Hatton, J. L, & Faning, E. (1900), The songs of England: A collection of 274 English melodies, including the most popular traditional ditties and the principal songs and ballads of the last three centuries. London: Boosey & Co.

Expansion of the Russian Empire, 1613-1914, Thomas Dionysius Clark/The George F. Cram Company, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20170105051049/http://www.worldmapsonline.com/expansionrussianemp.htm, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Nicholas II, Czar of Russia, Edward Uhlenhuth (photograph)/R. G. Tietze (engraving), URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nicholas_II,_Czar_of_Russia_%28Uhlenhuth%29.png, Published 1896, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Thornton, M. G. (1896, May). The Crowning of a Czar. The Century Magazine, 52(1), 8-27.

Chart showing international relationships leading into WWI, Xiaphias, URL: https://alphahistory.com/worldwar1/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/alliances.jpg, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Xiaphias (Artist), (2007), WWIchartX [Digital image]. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WWIchartX.png#/media/File:WWIchartX.png.

Russian Empire in 1866 map, Shadowxfox, URL: https://www.istanbul-city-guide.com/map/russia-map, Published 22/04/2011, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Shadowxfox (Artist), (2011), Russian Empire (orthographic projection) [Digital image]. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire#/media/File:Russian_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg.

Proletarians of all countries, unite!, Dmitry Stakhievich Moor, URL: https://iisg.nl/exhibitions/affiche/met/l03-208.jpg, Published 1919, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie arriving in Sarajevo, Bosnia June 28, 1914, Henry Guttmann, URL: https://www.history.com/news/did-franz-ferdinands-assassination-cause-world-war-i, Published 1914, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Chain of Friendship, Brooklyn Eagle Newspaper, URL: http://www.johndclare.net/images/Alliances.GIF, Published 07/1914, Accessed 10/05/2021.

The Schlieffen Plan map, Sir Martin Gilbert (cartographer), Oxford University Press, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20180125061850/http://madefrom.com/history/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/1914_A.jpg, Published 23/01/2015, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Gilbert, M. (1984). Atlas of the First World War. New York: Dorset Press.

The Battle of Chippewa: the U.S. Army in action, H. Charles McBarron, United States of America War Office, URL: https://cdm16630.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16630coll2/id/1019/rec/1, Published 1960, Accessed 10/05/2021. Department of the Army Poster No. 21-39, Source: Pritzker Military Museum & Library.

Battle Of Chippawa, Jeff Mason, URL: http://canadianartcards.com/gallery3/index.php/War-of-1812/Trail-5/1812-5-7-Battle-Of-Chippawa-July-5th-1814-Jeff-Mason, Published 05/07/1814, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Canada: A People's History - Ordeal by Fire, CBC Television, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://youtu.be/NeM5dGLX8yA, Published 2001, Accessed 10/24/2022.

First World War 'Official Photographs': Moving big guns up to the front by hand (Acc.3155), Ernest Brooks, National Library of Scotland (NLS), URL: https://digital.nls.uk/first-world-war-official-photographs/archive/74546544, Published ca. 1914-1918, Accessed 10/05/2021. Border of image has been cropped. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

French Infantry Photographed on the Actual Firing Line at Soissons, International News Service, URL: https://imgur.com/QaYdNsl, Published ca. 1914-1918, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Five members of an Australian trench mortar battery, British Official Photograph, Australian War Memorial, URL: https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/EZ0149/, Published 02/08/1916, Accessed 10/05/2021. Accession Number EZ0149.

Latest French anti-aircraft gun, Ariel Varges, Bain News Service, Library of Congress, URL: https://www.loc.gov/item/ggb2006000416/, Published 29/11/1917, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Bain News Services photograph collection, Digital ID: ggbain 25002 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ggbain.25002.

The Battle of the Somme, July-November 1916, Lieutenant John Warwick Brooke, Imperial War Museums, URL: https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205193865, Published 07/1916, Accessed 10/05/2021. Photograph Q 3995, Collection no. 1900-13.

U.S. Hotchkiss Machine Gun, Creator unknown, United States Army Heritage and Education Center (USAHEC), URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Hotchkiss_Machine_Gun.jpg, Published 10/05/1918, Accessed 10/05/2021.

3D Model: WW1 trench, Pajamäki, Helsinki, Finland, antti.kekki, Sketchfab, URL: https://skfb.ly/6TWTH, Published 02/03/2020, Accessed 08/02/2023. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Francis Pegahmagabow, Anishinaabe chief and activist and Canadian war hero, Creator unknown, Government of Canada, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Pegahmagabow#/media/File:Francis_Pegahmagabow_in_Uniform.jpg, Published 1919, Accessed 16/06/2021. In Adrian Hayes, Pegahmagabow: Legendary Warrior, Forgotten Hero (2003 ed.).

Northwest Europe, 1914 - German Withdrawal to the Aisne and Stablization of the Front, History Department, The US Military Academy West Point, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20160326153932/www.westpoint.edu/history/SiteAssets/SitePages/World%20War%20I/WWOne10.gif, Accessed 10/05/2021. © The United States Military Academy at West Point.

The Western Front, 1914-1918, Map, Department of National Defence, Government of Canada, URL: https://vimyridge.valourcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/CanOps-WWI-Mons.jpg, Accessed 10/05/2021. All rights reserved. Reproduced with the permission of DND/CAF (2017).

Members of the No. 2 Construction Battalion, Veteran Affairs Canada, URL: https://www.veterans.gc.ca/images/blackhistory/battalion.jpg, Published 1917, Accessed 16/06/2021.

Land Battles - Second Ypres, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/battles-and-fighting/land-battles/second-ypres/, Accessed 05/08/2022.

The Second Battle of Ypres, 22 April to 25 May 1915, Richard Jack, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/art-and-culture/official-art/the-second-battle-of-ypres-22-april-to-25-may-1915/?back=132, Published 1917, Accessed 10/05/2021. Beaverbrook Collection of War Art/CWM 19710261-0161.

Houses of Ypres, A.Y. Jackson, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/collections/artifact/1013626/?q=19710261-0189&page_num=1&item_num=0&media_irn=5406541, Published 1917, Accessed 10/05/2021. Beaverbrook Collection of War Art/CWM 19710261-0189.

Gas Alarm Rattle, Canadian War Museum, URL: http://www.warmuseum.ca/collections/artifact/1098588/, Published 30/07/2015, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Gas Alarms in WWI by the Royal Montreal Regiment Foundation.

Gas Mask Hood, Canadian Museum of History, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/equipment-and-vehicles/uniforms-and-personal-gear/gas-mask-hood/?back=199, Published 16/10/2017, Accessed 10/05/2021. CWM 19390002-687.

The Somme, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/battles-and-fighting/land-battles/the-somme/, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Disabled Tank, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/disabled-tank/, Accessed 10/05/2021. George Metcalf Archival Collection; CWM 19750085-010.

Caribou at Beaumont Hamel, Basil Gotto, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/archival-documents/personal-documents/caribou-at-beaumont-hamel/, Published 1925, Accessed 10/05/2021. George Metcalf Archival Collection, CWM 19820340-010.

Vimy Ridge, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/battles-and-fighting/land-battles/vimy-ridge/, Accessed 10/05/2021.

29th Infantry Battalion advancing over "No Man's Land" through the German barbed wire and heavy fire, Canadian War Records Office, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/collections/archive/3179934, Published 04/1917, Accessed 10/05/2021. Canadian Official War Photograph O.1162.

Beyond Vimy, the Douai Plain, Creator unknown, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/beyond-vimy-the-douai-plain/, Accessed 10/05/2021. George Metcalf Archival Collection; CWM 19920085-244.

Canadian Cemetery at Vimy, Creator unknown, Canadian War Museum, URL: http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/post-war-photographs/canadian-cemetery-at-vimy/, Accessed 10/05/2021. George Metcalf Archival Collection; CWM 19801226-298.

Passchendaele, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/battles-and-fighting/land-battles/passchendaele/, Accessed 10/05/2021.

A Field of Mud, Creator unknown, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/a-field-of-mud/, Accessed 10/05/2021. George Metcalf Archival Collection, CWM 19930013-512.

German Blockhouses, Creator unknown, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/german-blockhouses/, Accessed 10/05/2021. George Metcalf Archival Collection, CWM 19780381-021.

In the Mud, Creator unknown, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/in-the-mud/, Accessed 10/05/2021. George Metcalf Archival Collection, CWM 19930013-509.

Excerpt, Wartime Home Front, J.L. Granatstein, revised by Julie Smyth, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/wartime-home-front, Published 16/12/2013, Accessed 10/05/2021. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

WW1 1918 ration card, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.1900s.org.uk/1918-food-rationing.htm#toppage, Published 1918, Accessed 10/05/2021.

How to Live in Wartime, The National Service Board, Government of Canada, URL: ia600503.us.archive.org/12/items/howtoliveinwarti00cana/howtoliveinwarti00cana.pdf, Published 1917, Accessed 10/05/2021. cover.

Eat More Vegetables (poster), Canada Food Board, Government of Canada, URL: http://canadianmilitaryhistory.ca/wednesday-podcast-surprising-health-findings-about-canadian-soldiers-during-wwi/, Published 1914-1918, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Laurier Centre for Military, Strategic and Disarmament Studies.

G-Bye Mary, the Patriotic Fund Will Care for You, Canadian Patriotic Fund, Archives of Ontario War Poster Collection, URL: http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/posters/big/big_38_war_poster.aspx, Published ca. 1914-1918, Accessed 10/05/2021. Reference Code: C 233-2-5-0-268.

A Temporary Wartime Measure? Income Tax, Excerpt from Canada and the First World War, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20130622022838/www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/firstworldwar/025005-3300-e.html, Published Fri Nov 10 2000 19:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time), Accessed 17/05/2017.

Grin and Bear It, Artist: Clayton Duff, Library and Archives Canada, URL: https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3009279, Published 1918, Accessed 25/10/2022. C-147730; In "Twenty-five Cartoons on the War," drawn by Clayton Duff and reprinted from the Welland Telegraph, 1918, p. 23.

Mr. Winston Churchill and Mr. Borden, Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France, URL: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6920799z/, Published 1912, Accessed 10/05/2021. Département Estampes et photographie, EST EI-13 (182).

Henri J.N. Bourassa, B.J. Hebert, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3212953&lang=eng, Published 1912, Accessed 10/05/2021. C-004956.

Sir Wilfred Laurier speaking in favour of George Parent, L.P. Picard, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193050&lang=eng, Published 20/09/1911, Accessed 10/05/2021. C-0090230.

Department of National War Services: Instructions, National War Services, Divisional Registrar, Administrative Division "E", Montreal, Quebec, Government of Canada, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20160317033625/https://wartimecanada.ca/document/world-war-ii/conscription/instructions-conscripts, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Canadian enlistments and casualties, 1917, in Jill Coyler, Jack Cecillon, Graham Draper, Margaret Hoogeveen, Creating Canada, A History - 1914 to the Present. McGraw-Hill Ryerson, p. 143, Fig. 5-22.

Past Voices, Letters Home: Clarence Joseph Bessette, 2nd Canadian Mounted Rifles, Clarence Joseph Bessette, The Vernon News, URL: http://pastvoices.com/canada/bessette/, Published 20/01/1916, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Lumby Legion's Remembrance Scrapbook.

The Conscription Crisis, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Anti-conscription parade at Victoria Square, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193206&lang=eng, Published 24/05/1917, Accessed 10/05/2021. C-006859.

(Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden visits the Western Front) Sir Robert Borden speaks to wounded man at Base Hospital. In the background is soldier, James Clifford Hiscott, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3521814&lang=eng, Published March 1917, Accessed 10/05/2021. PA000880.

Dedicating of head stones - Bramshott Church Cemetery - of the four 160th Battalion boys buried there, Creator unknown, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, URL: https://brucemuseum.pastperfectonline.com/archive/37769797-CA59-4475-906D-570245034627, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Bruce County Museum & Cultural Centre, A989.029.023. Photo appeared on the front page of the Toronto Star Weekly July 7, 1917.

Emily Murphy & Friends, Creator unknown, City of Edmonton Archives, URL: https://cityarchives.edmonton.ca/emily-murphy-friends-2, Published 1918, Accessed 10/05/2021. EA-10-2070, Collection: Northern Alberta Pioneers and Old Timers' Association.

Two Canadian nurses pose in service dress uniforms, Creator unknown, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/life-at-the-front-photographs/canadian-nurses/?back=434, Published 1917, Accessed 10/05/2021. George Metcalf Archival Collection/CWM 19920085-353.

Facing adapter to length, No. 101 British Percussion Fuze, Russell Motor Car Co. Ltd, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193554&lang=eng, Published 1917, Accessed 10/05/2021. PA-024640.

Nursing Sisters at a Canadian Hospital voting in the Canadian federal election, William Rider-Rider/Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194224&lang=eng, Published 1917, Accessed 10/05/2021. PA-002279.

These women are doing their bit: learn to make munitions, Septimus E. Scott, Johnson, Riddle and Co. Ltd, Penge, London SE1 (printer), Ministry of Munitions (publisher), Imperial War Museum, URL: https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/24057, Published 1916, Accessed 10/05/2021. Art.IWM PST 3283.

A Mock Parliament to Win the Vote for Women, Source unknown, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mock-parliament-1914, Published 1914, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Economy Recipes for Canada's "Housoldiers" (cover), Canada Starch Company Limited, URL: https://wartimecanada.ca/document/second-world-war/recipes/fighting-war-feeding-family, Published 1943, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Wartime Canada.

Treaty of Versailles 1919 (including Covenant of the League of Nations), Council of Four, National Archives of Australia, Commonwealth of Australia, Treaties Secretariat, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, URL: https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/scan-sid-5.html, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Treaty of Versailles 1919 (including Covenant of the League of Nations), 32 signatories to The Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Germany, National Archives of Australia, Commonwealth of Australia, Treaties Secretariat, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, URL: https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/scan-sid-6.html, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Return of the 10th Battalion, Calgary, Alberta, A. and D. Grant, Glenbow Archives, URL: https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1OJB8F6?WS=PackagePres, Published 23/04/1919, Accessed 10/05/2021. NA-4019-3.

Crowd gathered outside the Union Bank of Canada building on Main Street during the Winnipeg General Strike, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3192170&lang=eng, Published 21/06/1919, Accessed 10/05/2021. PA-163001.

Winnipeg General strike. Mounties first charge, David Millar Collection, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3531265&lang=eng, Published 21/06/1919, Accessed 10/05/2021. PA-176556.

The Winnipeg General Strike, Travis Tomchuk, Canadian Museum for Human Rights, URL: https://humanrights.ca/story/the-winnipeg-general-strike, Published 15/05/2019, Accessed 25/10/2022.

The Winnipeg General Strike, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH3PA2LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Canada: A People's History.

The Winnipeg General Strike, Creator unknown, Historica Foundation, URL: http://www.histori.ca/peace/page.do?pageID=347, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Excerpt, Winnipeg General Strike of 1919, J. Nolan Reilly; revised by Julia Skikavich, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/winnipeg-general-strike, Published 07/02/2006, Accessed 10/05/2021. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Excerpt, The Winnipeg General Strike, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH3PA2LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Canada: A People's History.

Excerpt, The Winnipeg General Strike, Creator unknown, Historica Foundation, URL: http://www.histori.ca/peace/page.do?pageID=347, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Three immigrants of various ethnic backgrounds who settled in Canada in the early 20th century, John Woodruff, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3629700&lang=eng, Published 1908, Accessed 10/05/2021. C-009798.

The Agenda with Steve Paikin - Speaking Truth to Canada's Power, TVO, OECA, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtIIp0kSINU, Published 01/07/2021, Accessed 24/10/2022.

WRI 161/162: Speaking American: Primary vs. Secondary Sources, Princeton University Library, URL: https://libguides.princeton.edu/c.php?g=1006760&p=7293629, Published 12/12/2022, Accessed 14/12/2022.

British immigrant children from Dr. Barnardo's Homes at landing stage, Saint John, N.B, Isaac Erb, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193366&lang=eng, Published ca. 1920, Accessed 10/05/2021. PA-041785.

Excerpt, My Journey to Canada, Rev. Percy Brown, URL: https://canadianbritishhomechildren.weebly.com/-percy-brown.html, Accessed 10/05/2021. © Rev. Percy Brown and Pier 21 - Canada's Immigration Museum.

Excerpt from Colyer, Jill et al. Creating Canada. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2010, p.184.

Excerpt, Canadians not interested in 'home children' apology: Minister, Toronto Star, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, URL: https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2009/11/16/canadians_not_interested_in_home_children_apology_minister.html, Published 16/11/2009, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Excerpt, Immigration Act Amendment, 1919, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/immigration-act-amendment-1919, Published 1919, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21. From Statutes of Canada. An Act to Amend the Immigration Act, 1919. Ottawa: SC 9-10 George V, Chapter 25.

R. E. Bray speaks to a crowd, Creator unknown, Archives of Manitoba, URL: http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/13/striketour.shtml, Published 13/06/1919, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Excerpt, Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, Government of Canada, URL: https://pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/chinese-immigration-act-1923, Published 1923, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21. From Statutes of Canada. An Act Respecting Chinese Immigration, 1923. Ottawa: SC 13-14 George V, Chapter 38.

Chinese workers cleaning fish, William James Topley, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3371219&lang=eng, Published ca.1920, Accessed 10/05/2021. PA-011605.

British boys learn how to own your farm in Canada (poster), Canadian Pacific Archives, URL: https://exploresaskag.ca/past/immigration/english/, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Excerpt, Canadian Sources Investigated, Jill Colyer, Emond Montgomery, Published 2010, Accessed 10/05/2021. p. 43.

Ataturk in 1915, Creator unknown, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ataturk13.JPG, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Anafartalar Grubu (Gelibolu, Çanakkale).

The Turkish Army's entry into Izmir, Aydin Erkman (artist), URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KiMOiG.jpg, Published 31/12/1921, Accessed 10/05/2021. Oil on poplar; 77 cm × 53 cm; © Ataturk and the War of Independence Museum. Source: Atatürk ve Kurtuluş Savaşı Müzesi official website.

G.W.V.A. (Great War Veterans Association) parade at City Hall (back door). Mayor Gray under "Down with Bolshevism", L.B. Foote, David Millar collection, Archives of Manitoba, URL: http://pam.minisisinc.com/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/LISTINGS_IMAGES/LISTINGS_DET_IMAGES/SISN%201302864?sessionsearch, Published 1919, Accessed 10/05/2021. Winnipeg General Strike photographs, PR19-001121, P8232/5.

How Direct Taxation Works cartoon, Creator unknown, URL: https://www.canadahistoryproject.ca/images/images-1914/central-2.png, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Canada: A Country by Consent CD-ROM project, © West/Dunn Productions.

Children listening to radio, Calgary, Alberta, Creator unknown, Glenbow Archives, URL: https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1OSWULF?WS=PackagePres, Published ca.1920s, Accessed 10/05/2021. CU1114307.

Bombardier's first snow machine in Valcourt, Quebec, Creator unknown, URL: https://museebombardier.com/en/joseph-armand-bombardier/, Published 1922, Accessed 10/05/2021. © 2017, Museum of Ingenuity J. Armand Bombardier. All rights reserved.

Wallace Turnbull posing with his variable pitch propeller, a major advance in aviation, Creator unknown, National Research Council, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/wallace-rupert-turnbull, Published Spring 1927, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Wallace Rupert Turnbull, Donald J.C. Phillipson, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/wallace-rupert-turnbull, Published 23/01/2008, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Dr. Frederick Banting and Dr. Charles Best, discovers of insulin, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3382743&lang=eng, Published ca. 1920-1935, Accessed 10/05/2021. C-001350. Published in "The Star Weekly Magazine", Toronto, February 9, 1963, p. 8.

Excerpt, Status of Women, Doris Anderson, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/status-of-women, Published 02/04/2014, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Excerpt, Women: 1921–1930, UFCW Canada, United Food and Commercial Workers Union Canada, URL: https://www.ufcw.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=33&Itemid=152&lang=en, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Flappers: Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages, Creator unknown, Encyclopedia.com, URL: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/united-states-and-canada/us-history/flappers, Accessed 10/05/2021. © 2004 The Gale Group, Inc.

The Person's Case (1929), Global Perspectives on Personhood, University of Calgary, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20160316061956/people.ucalgary.ca/~gpopconf/person.html, Published 1929, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Global Perspectives on Personhood: Rights and Responsibilities Conference.

Unveiling of a plaque commemorating the five Alberta women whose efforts resulted in the Persons Case, which established the rights of women to hold public office in Canada, Eugene M. Finn, National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque. Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193154&lang=eng, Published 11/06/1938, Accessed 10/05/2021. C-054523.

Tree of intemperance, by A.D. Fillmore; Archibald Macbrairs (lithographer), Library of Congress, URL: https://www.loc.gov/item/2003689279/, Published ca.1855, Accessed 10/05/2021. Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-14614.

Prohibition--"Wet" Voices, Elizabeth Freeman-Shaw, Jan Haskings-Winner, Emond Montgomery, Published 2008, Accessed 10/05/2021. paraphrased, p. 27.

Chart from Prohibition in Canada, Creator unknown, Wikipedia, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_Canada, Published n.d, Accessed 10/05/2021. Chart sources: Craig Heron, Booze: A Distilled History (Toronto: Between the Lines Press, 2003); Malleck Try to Control Yourself: The regulation of public drinking in post-prohibition Ontario, 1927-1944 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2012). The year 1923 is the date set by Gerald Hallowell, in Prohibition in Ontario, 1919-1923 (Toronto: Ontario Historical Society, 1972).

Prohibition, Detroit, 1919, Detroit News Staff, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University, URL: https://reuther.wayne.edu/node/8259, Published 1919, Accessed 10/05/2021. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, 27840.

Rumrunner cargo (1924), Creator unknown, United States Coast Guard, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rumrunner_cargo.jpg, Accessed 10/05/2021. United States Coast Guard/G-APA-01-13-24 (02) G.F. January 13, 1924.

Rocco Perri Mug Shot, Creator unknown, Hamilton Spectator file photo, URL: https://www.thespec.com/news/crime/2009/10/28/gunned-down-a-moll-dies.html, Accessed 10/05/2021.

A speakeasy with a bartender serving illegal drinks to happy patrons, Creator unknown, The Detroit News Archives, URL: www.theroaringtwentieshistory.blogspot.ca/2010/06/prohibition-and-speakeasies.html, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Illegal distribution of alcohol during prohibition in the 1920s, Creator unknown, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20180727002442/mrskhistory.wikispaces.com/*Prohibition2, Accessed 10/05/2021. From University at Albany, "Bootleggers during Finnish prohibition pour smuggled alcohol into half-litre metal flasks on the island of Santahamina in the 1920s".

Bartenders at Sloppy Joe's in Chicago bar pour a round of drinks on the house for a large group of smiling customers as it was announced that the 18th Amendment had been repealed, Creator unknown, American Stock Archive / Getty Images, URL: https://time.com/3605609/a-toast-to-the-end-of-prohibition/, Published 05/12/1933, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Mary Pickford-Ziegfeld, Alfred Cheney Johnston, Library of Congress, URL: https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003666664/, Published 1920, Accessed 10/05/2021. Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-72808.

Josephine Baker dancing the Charleston at the Folies-Bergère, Paris, Stanisław Julian Ignacy Ostroróg, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baker_Charleston.jpg, Published 1926, Accessed 09/12/2022.

Jubilee Celebrations on Parliament Hill, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3549627&lang=eng, Published 07/1927, Accessed 10/05/2021. PA-027625.

Guy Lombardo and his band the Royal Canadians, Henry Fox, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3570485&lang=eng, Published 19/051964, Accessed 10/05/2021. e005176089.

"Effective and Becoming", T. Eaton Co, Archives of Ontario, URL: https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/cpm/catalog/ip/1249117e.html, Accessed 10/05/2021. Series F-229, T. Eaton Co. fonds. (Eaton's Toronto Fall/Winter Catalogue, 1923-24, p. 101, style no. 98-6656).

Ford Model T moving assembly line, Ford Media Center, The Ford Motor Company, URL: https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/features/celebrating-the-moving-assembly-line-in-pictures.html, Published ca. 1924, Accessed 09/12/2022.

Lawren S. Harris, Billboard (Jazz), 1921, oil on carvas, 107.2 x 127.5 cm. URL: https://www.gallery.ca/magazine/your-collection/your-collection-at-the-ngc-lawren-s-harris/ National Gallery of Canada. Gift of Imperial Oil Limited, Calgary, 2016. © Family of Lawren S. Harris.

G.W.V.A. (Great War Veterans Association) parade at City Hall (back door). Mayor Gray under "Down with Bolshevism", David Millar collection, Archives of Manitoba, URL: http://pam.minisisinc.com/DIGITALOBJECTS/Access/PR/David%20Millar%20collection/David%20Millar%2003.jpg, Published 1919, Accessed 10/05/2021. Winnipeg General Strike photographs, PR19-001121.jpg, P8232/5.

The Inquiry Process, Ontario Ministry of Education, King's Printer for Ontario, URL: https://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/curriculum/secondary/canworld910curr2013.pdf, Accessed 10/05/2021. 2013 Ontario Curriculum, Grades 9 and 10, Canadian and World Studies, Revised, p. 27.

Interpret and analyze your evidence, Ontario Ministry of Education, King's Printer for Ontario, URL: https://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/curriculum/secondary/canworld910curr2013.pdf, Accessed 10/05/2021. 2013 Ontario Curriculum, Grades 9 and 10, Canadian and World Studies, Revised, pg. 28.

Evaluate and draw conclusions, Ontario Ministry of Education, King's Printer for Ontario, URL: https://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/curriculum/secondary/canworld910curr2013.pdf, Accessed 10/05/2021. 2013 Ontario Curriculum, Grades 9 and 10, Canadian and World Studies, Revised, pg. 30.

Communicate, Ontario Ministry of Education, King's Printer for Ontario, URL: https://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/curriculum/secondary/canworld910curr2013.pdf, Accessed 10/05/2021. 2013 Ontario Curriculum, Grades 9 and 10, Canadian and World Studies, Revised, pg. 29.

Excerpt, Kaiser Wilhelm II, "A place in the sun" (speech, 1901), Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, URL: https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1901kaiser.asp, Accessed 10/05/2021. In C. Gauss, The German Kaiser as Shown in His Public Utterances (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915), pp. 181-183.

Chicago Documentation Style, Student Success Services, MacEwan Univerisity, URL: https://www.macewan.ca/contribute/groups/public/@web/@src/@wls/documents/document/pfw_001503.pdf, Published 2019, Accessed 10/05/2021. Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), 17th edition, published in 2017.

Excerpt, Parallel Structure, Purdue Writing Lab, Purdue University, URL: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/623/1, Accessed 10/05/2021.

Unit 2

Causes of the Great Depression, Yvette Plante and Jorda Miller, ed. Jerry Falk, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20171228002240/http://archive.historybenchmarks.ca/lesson/433, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Social Studies Eleven: Student Workbook. 1st ed. Surrey, BC: Hazelmere Publishing, 2004.

Historical Map of Canada, 1912, Canadian Geographic, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20161010020505/web.ncf.ca/ex591/CG/1912.html, Published 2006, Accessed 10/05/2021. Adapted from Canadian Geographic's Historical Maps of Canada series.

The Great Depression in Canada, James Struthers, updated by Richard Foot, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/great-depression, Published 13/08/2021, Accessed 20/12/2022.

Boiestown lumber mills, Isaac Erb, Provincial Archives of New Brunswick / Archives Provinciales du Nouveau-Brunswick, URL: https://archives.gnb.ca/Exhibits/HistoricalImages/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&ImageID=P11-26, Published ca. 1900, Accessed 10/05/2021. Reference number: P11-26.

Unemployed men line up outside a soup kitchen in Toronto, Toronto Star file photo, URL: https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2014/03/28/trolling_the_web_for_job_data_conservativestyle.html, Accessed 10/05/2021.

A drought stricken farm in the Canadian Prairies in the 1930's, Creator unknown, Saskatchewan Archives Board, URL: http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/kids/depopulation/en_display.php?i=32, Published 1929, Accessed 10/05/2021. Source: Saskatchewan Wheat Pool Collection.

Canada: A People's History - Hard Times (Episode 13), CBC Television, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyJ2KrLWPHw, Published 2001, Accessed 10/24/2022.

A Yukon prospector shovelling dirt by the Yukon River in July 1938, Creator unknown, Yukon Archives, URL: web.archive.org/web/20190802165837/http://hougengroup.com/yukon-history/historical-facts/year/1933/, Published 1938, Accessed 10/05/2021. Adam & Larkin fonds, #8050.

(Relief Projects - No. 28). Group of unemployed arriving at RCAF Station Trenton, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3577875&lang=eng, Published Nov. 1932, Accessed 10/05/2021. PA-035211.

Rt. Hon. Richard Bennett - Prime Minister of Canada (1930-1935), Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3191866&lang=eng, Published ca.1930 - 1935, Accessed 10/05/2021. C-000687.

(Relief Projects - No. 8). Temporary housing conditions, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3642965&lang=eng, Published 05/1933, Accessed 10/05/2021. PA-034666.

Report In the Matter of the Commission on Relief Camps British Columbia, Commission on Relief Camps, Government of Canada, URL: https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/003/008/099/003008-disclaimer.html?orig=/100/200/301/pco-bcp/commissions-ef/macdonald1935-eng/macdonald1935-eng.pdf, Published 1927, Accessed 10/05/2021. Report No. 390-1935.

Man injured in post office sit down strike, Province Newspaper, Vancouver Public Library, URL: https://www3.vpl.ca/spePhotos/LeonardFrankCollection/02DisplayJPGs/104/1289.jpg, Published 1938, Accessed 10/05/2021. VPL Accession No. 1289.

Dear Mr. Bennett, I believe you to be good …, Laura Bates, R.B. Bennett, CBC Learnng, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP13CH2PA3LE.html, Published 1933, Accessed 11/05/2021. Source: Canada: A People's History.

Dear Sir, I am writing to see if their is any help .., Mrs. Jack O'Hannen, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP13CH2PA3LE.html, Published ca.1935, Accessed 11/05/2021. Source: Canada: A People's History.

Dear Sir, Three little baby boys were born …, Elizabeth Ratray, R.B. Bennett, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP13CH2PA3LE.html, Published 1933, Accessed 11/05/2021. Source: Canada: A People's History.

Dear Prime Minister RB Bennett, It is with a very humble heart .., Mrs. Thomas Perkins, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP13CH2PA3LE.html, Published 1933, Accessed 11/05/2021. Source: Canada: A People's History.

Dear Sir, Please don’t think I'm crazy for writing …, Mrs. P. E. Bottle, Great Unsolved Mysteries in Canadian History, Canadian Heritage and University of Victoria, URL: https://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/norman/background/1930s/5394en.html, Published 1935, Accessed 11/05/2021.

Letter number 483363-5, translation, Arsene Gaudet, Canadian Museum of History, URL: https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/medicare/medic-2c02e.html, Published 1934, Accessed 11/05/2021. in L. M. Grayson, M. Bliss, The Wretched of Canada: Letters to R. B. Bennett, 1930–1935 Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971, pp. 37-38, 74.

Letters of desperation to a prime minister, Joanna Smith, Toronto Star, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, URL: https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2009/03/15/letters_of_desperation_to_a_prime_minister.html, Published 15/03/2009, Accessed 11/05/2021.

Prime minister R. B. Bennett, talking to someone unseen, Toronto Star Archives, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, URL: https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2009/03/15/letters_of_desperation_to_a_prime_minister.html, Accessed 11/05/2021.

Rt. Hon. W.L. Mackenzie King speaking during the federal election campaign, F.J. Skitch, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3199793&lang=eng, Published ca. 07/2026, Accessed 11/05/2021. PA-138867.

Rt. Hon. Richard Bennett - Prime Minister of Canada, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3191866&lang=eng, Published ca.1930 - 1935, Accessed 11/05/2021. C-000687.

Prime Minister King and The Great Depression, H. Blair Neatby, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/william-lyon-mackenzie-king, Published 15/10/2008, Accessed 11/05/2021. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Prime Minister Bennett and The Great Depression, from "R.B. Bennett", John Boyko, John R. English, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/richard-bedford-viscount-bennett, Published 21/02/2008, Accessed 11/05/2021. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Rt. Hon. W.L. Mackenzie King driving a wagon, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3217612&lang=eng, Published 27/07/1933, Accessed 11/05/2021. C-087860.

The Great Depression and Social Credit, excerpt from William Aberhart, David R. Elliott, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/william-aberhart, Published 07/06/2017, Accessed 20/12/2022. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada. <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Excerpt, Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, J. T. Morley, updated by Julie Smyth, Andrew McIntosh, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/co-operative-commonwealth-federation, Published 25/03/2021, Accessed 20/12/2022. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada. <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Excerpt, Union Nationale, Vincent Lemieux, Nicolas Harvey, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/union-nationale, Published 04/03/2015, Accessed 20/12/2022. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada. <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Excerpt, Communist Party of Canada, Norman Penner, updated by Richard Foot, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/communist-party-of-canada, Published 30/05/2017, Accessed 20/12/2022. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Unemployment in England, O. Ang, Bundesarchiv, URL: bundesbildarchiv.init-ag.de/device_barch/dev1/2019/10-16/dc/8d/file77k4h8ydund1j6dob3gt.jpg, Published 05/1926, Accessed 11/05/2021. Bild 102-10246 (England, Arbeitslose vor Gewerkschaftshaus).

Socialist Congress: speech by Leon Blum (Congrès socialiste : discours de Léon Blum), l'Agence Mondial Photo-Presse, Bibliothèque nationale de France, URL: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9051861f, Published 1932, Accessed 11/05/2021. Département Estampes et photographie, EI-13 (2946).

Lenin and Stalin in Gorky, Maria Ulyanova, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:19220900-lenin_stalin_gorky-02.jpg, Published 1922, Accessed 11/05/2021.

Mussolini during an event at the Piazza della Vittoria in Genua at the event of the construction of the battleship 'Impero', ullstein bild Dtl, URL: https://www.nuevatribuna.es/articulo/historia/represion-fascista-italiana/20160313185641126367.html, Published 14/05/1938, Accessed 20/12/2022.

Generalissimo Francisco Franco reviewing his Falangist troops after taking Madrid in 1939, Creator unknown, VP magazin, URL: https://vojnapovijest.vecernji.hr/vojna-povijest/diktator-francisco-franco-ulazi-u-madrid-978799, Published 1939, Accessed 11/05/2021.

Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler stand together on an reviewing stand during a official visit to occupied Yugoslavia, Muzej Revolucije Narodnosti Jugoslavije, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - ushmm.org, URL: https://www.ushmm.org/lcmedia/viewer/wlc/photo.php?RefId=89908, Published 1937, Accessed 11/05/2021. USHMM Photograph #89908.

Political Spectrum Explained | What is the Political Spectrum? | Left Vs Right, Dan Zimmerman, Illustrate to Educate, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DLjzp645is, Published 21/09/2020, Accessed 24/10/2022.

German motor column crossing the Polish border in September 1939, RIA Novosti, URL: https://www.historyonthenet.com/world-war-two-causes, Published 01/09/1939, Accessed 11/05/2021.

Map of Sudetenland 1938, Creator unknown, URL: https://www.historyonthenet.com/world-war-two-causes, Published 06/06/2014, Accessed 11/05/2021.

Right Honourable Neville Chamberlain, Creator unknown, Wellcome Collection, URL: https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ymk2t9jn/images?id=vz227t6j, Published 1923, Accessed 24/10/2022. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

The Munich Agreement September 1938 - Neville Chamberlain, the Prime Minister, makes a brief speech announcing "Peace in our Time" on his arrival at Heston Airport after his meeting with Hitler at Munich, Ministry of Information official photographer, Imperial War Museum, URL: https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205193839, Published 30/09/1938, Accessed 22/11/2022. © IWM D 2239.

Canada: A People's History - Hard Times (Episode 13), CBC Television, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyJ2KrLWPHw, Published 2000, Accessed 10/31/2022.

Convoy in Bedford Basin, Dept. of National Defense, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194308&lang=eng, Published 01/04/1942, Accessed 11/05/2021. PA-112993.

Map: World War II: German Advances, 1939-1941, Creator unknown, Classwell Learning Group, Inc, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20140220031001/https://images.classwell.com/mcd_xhtml_ebooks/2005_world_history/images/mcd_mwh2005_0618377115_p492_f1.jpg, Accessed 11/05/2021.

Dieppe Raid, 19 August 1942, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/operations/dieppe_e.html, Accessed 11/05/2021.

History's Raiders: The Dieppe Raid 1942 (2001) Part Two, Produced by Nugus/Martin Productions Ltd. for The History Channel, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3d7HMlKFNw&list=PL4547409695000836&index=3, Accessed 11/05/2021. © MMI Nugus/Martin Production Ltd.

Excerpt, History's Raiders: The Dieppe Raid 1942 (2001) Part Three, Produced by Nugus/Martin Productions Ltd. for The History Channel, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEmN8GC-0EE&list=PL4547409695000836&index=4, Published 2001, Accessed 11/05/2021. © Nugus/Martin Productions Ltd.

Breaking German codes real reason for 1942 Dieppe raid: historian, Irene Ogrodnik, URL: https://globalnews.ca/news/274605/breaking-german-codes-real-reason-for-1942-dieppe-raid-historian/, Published 09/08/2012, Accessed 12/05/2021. ©2021 Global News, a division of Corus Entertainment Inc.

Members of the Royal Canadian Medical Corps evacuating Allied soldiers from the beach after the Dieppe, France raid during the Second World War, The Associated Press, URL: https://globalnews.ca/news/274605/breaking-german-codes-real-reason-for-1942-dieppe-raid-historian/, Published 1942, Accessed 12/05/2021. Source: Breaking German codes real reason for 1942 Dieppe raid: historian, Global News, 09/08/2012.

Visual Graphic: Operation Jubilee, Michael Bergeron, Shaw Media, URL: https://globalnews.ca/news/274605/breaking-german-codes-real-reason-for-1942-dieppe-raid-historian/, Published 09/08/2012, Accessed 12/05/2021. ©2021 Global News, a division of Corus Entertainment Inc.

Chicago Notes-Bibliography Documentation Style Guide, Student Success Services, MacEwan University, URL: https://www.macewan.ca/contribute/groups/public/@web/@src/@wls/documents/document/pfw_001503.pdf, Published 2019, Accessed 12/05/2021. Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), 17th edition, published in 2017.

The Royal Canadian Navy and the Battle of the Atlantic, 1939-1945, Dr. Roger Sarty, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/learn/dispatches/the-royal-canadian-navy-and-the-battle-of-the-atlantic-1939-1945/#tabs, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Three Canadian soldiers with helmets stand in a trench in the Battle of Hong Kong, Creator unknown, Imperial War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1931hong_kong_e.html, Published 1941, Accessed 12/05/2021. LF193.

1st Canadian Division in action, Frederick G. Whitcombe, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3199446&lang=eng, Published 10/12/1943, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-136332.

View looking east along 'Nan White' Beach, showing personnel of the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade landing from LCI(L) 299 of the 2nd Canadian (262nd RN) Flotilla on D-Day, Gilbert Alexander Milne, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3191671&lang=eng, Published 06/06/1944, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-137013.

Dutch civilians on a WASP of 7th Reconnaissance Regiment (17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars), 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, celebrating the liberation of Zwolle, Netherlands, Donald I. Grant, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3191645&lang=eng, Published 13/04/1945, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-136176.

Canadian soldiers Louey King and Norman Low preparing for Operation Oblivion, Chinese Canadian Military Museum, URL: https://tce-live2.s3.amazonaws.com/media/new_article_images/Force136/Force%20136.jpg, Published ca. 1945, Accessed 15/06/2021.

Canadian Welsford Daniels, checking radio transmissions in England, W. Daniels, Memory Project, Historica Canada, URL: https://datav2.thememoryproject.com/image/2166_original.jpg, Published ca. 1945, Accessed 15/06/2021.

Map: World War II in the Pacific, 1941–1945, National Park Service, United States Government, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20170402001257/http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/2009/10/map3.jpg, Accessed 20/12/2022. U.S. Department of the Interior.

Savage Christmas: Hong Kong, 1941, Director: Brian McKenna, National Film Board of Canada, URL: https://www.nfb.ca/film/savage_christmas_hong_kong_1941/, Published 1991, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Canadian ship off-loading an M4 Sherman tank during the Allied invasion of Sicily, Creator unknown, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LST_Sicily.jpg, Published 1943, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Map: The Canadian Army in Sicily and Italy 1943-45, Monica Muller, Canadian Military Journal, Dept. of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, Government of Canada, URL: http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo7/no1/history-histoire-eng.asp, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Soldiers of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Brigade run into snipers and machine gun fire, Alexander Mackenzie Stirton, Dept. National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3228293&lang=eng, Published 1943, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-129774.

The Ballad of the D-Day Dodgers, Lance-Sergeant Harry Pynn, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day_Dodgers#The_Ballad_of_the_D-Day_Dodgers, Published 11/1944, Accessed 12/05/2021. Recorded by Hamish Imlach on Sonny's Dream [Vinyl]. Glasgow Scotland, Lismor Recordings (1995).

Canadian Forces in Italy 1944: Sgt Walter Lowe of the West Nova Scotia Regiment is shaved by an Italian youth, W.E. McConville (Sgt), No 2 Army Film & Photographic Unit, Imperial War Museum, URL: https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205204494, Published 01/1944, Accessed 12/05/2021. NA 11253.

Comparative chart: D-Day and the Battle of Dieppe - Source for sequence of events: Santor, Donald. Canadiana Scrapbook Series: Canadians at War: 1939–1945. Scarborough: Prentice-Hall, 1979, p. 37.

Sample answers for the D-Day comparative chart - Source for sequence of events: Santor, Donald. Canadiana Scrapbook Series: Canadians at War: 1939–1945. Scarborough: Prentice-Hall, 1979, p. 37.

Excerpt, Canada at D-Day 1944, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1931d_day_e.html, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Witness to D-Day, Matthew Halton reports on the beaches of Normandy, CBC Radio News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1743269564, Published 08/06/1944, Accessed 12/05/2021. Source: CBC Archives.

Canada and the Normandy Invasion, 6 June 1944 (cartographic video), Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/operations/p_ddaymap_e.html, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Infantrymen of The West Nova Scotia Regiment in a Universal Carrier en route to Rotterdam are surrounded by Dutch civilians celebrating the liberation of the Netherlands, Lieut. G. Barry Gilroy, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3203845&lang=eng, Published 09/05/1945, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-134390.

The Liberation of the Netherlands, 1944-1945, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/operations/netherlands_e.html, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Sherman tank on a festive street with crowds, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/operations/netherlands_e.html, Published 1945, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Map: The Liberation of Holland, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/canvas/2/images/cwmap08.jpg, Accessed 12/05/2021. Canvas of War Exhibition.

The Inquiry Process, Ontario Ministry of Education, King's Printer for Ontario, URL: https://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/curriculum/secondary/canworld910curr2013.pdf, Published 2013, Accessed 12/05/2021. 2013 Ontario Curriculum, Grades 9 and 10, Canadian and World Studies, Revised, p. 27.

Pile of the victims glasses at Auschwitz, Creator unknown, Bundesarchiv, URL: https://bundesbildarchiv.init-ag.de/device_barch/dev1/2019/10-16/cc/3c/file77k5h9nzp2g6f1v23fa.jpg, Published 1945, Accessed 12/05/2021. Bild 183-R69919.

Piles of prayer shawls that belonged to Jewish victims, found after the liberation of the Auschwitz camp. Poland, after January 1945, Creator unknown, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, URL: https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/prayer-shawls-that-belonged-to-victims-at-auschwitz, Published 1945, Accessed 12/05/2021. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD.

Canada: A People's History - The Crucible (Episode 14), CBC Television, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://youtu.be/KOjjiIHzODE, Published 2000, Accessed 11/01/2022.

German soldiers capture Jews hiding in a bunker during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Warsaw, Poland, April-May 1943, Creator unknown, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, URL: https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/german-soldiers-capture-jews-during-the-warsaw-ghetto-uprising, Published 1943, Accessed 12/05/2021. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD.

Map: German Jews flee Nazism, 1938-1939, Anne Frank House, URL: https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/impossibilities-escaping-1933-1942/, Accessed 12/05/2021. Collection: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam.

Confronting our dark past, Irving Abella, The Globe and Mail Inc, URL: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/confronting-our-dark-past/article562626/, Published 18/01/2011, Accessed 12/05/2021.

W.L. Mackenzie King, Diary Entry of of Mackenzie King on the Evian Conference from P. Draper and H. Troper (eds), Archives of the Holocaust, Vol. 15, p. 1. NY and London: Garland Publishing Inc, 1990. URL: www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/orphelins-orphans/english/themes/pdf/the_immigration.pdf.

Excerpt, MP Arthur Heaps Address, House of Commons Debates, 18th Parliament, 4th Session : Vol. 1, Arthur Heaps, Library of Parliament, URL: https://parl.canadiana.ca/view/oop.debates_HOC1804_01/435, Published 30/01/1939, Accessed 12/05/2021. pp. 431-438.

Canada's Secretary of State Ferdinand Rinfret Outlines the Position of the Government of Mackenzie King on the Refugee Crisis, Ferdinand Rinfret, Accessed 12/05/2021. Excerpt from E. Freeman-Shaw and J. Haskings-Winner, Canadian Sources Investigated: 1914 to the Present, Toronto: Emond Montgomery, 2008, p. 66.

2,000,000 Jews in Poland Herded Into Ghettos, Joseph W. Grigg Jr./United Press, The Globe and Mail, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/holocaust/holocaust_e.html, Published 21/02/1941, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Alex Colville (1920-2013). Bodies in a grave, Belsen. Oil on canvas 76.3 x 101.6 cm. Painted in 1946. © Canadian War Museum/Beaverbrook Collection of War Art/CWM 19710261-2033.

Vietnamese Refugees, Vancouver Holocaust Education Centre, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20131020043947/www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/orphelins-orphans/english/themes/pdf/the_immigration.pdf, Accessed 12/05/2021. Excerpt from Open Hearts Closed Doors, Canadian Immigration Overview, p 10. © VHEC 2002.

Vietnamese child refugee at a refugee reception centre. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 1997, United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20131020043947/www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/orphelins-orphans/english/themes/pdf/the_immigration.pdf, Accessed 12/05/2021. Source: Open Hearts Closed Doors, Canadian Immigration Overview, p 10.

Bosnian Refugees, Vancouver Holocaust Education Centre, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20131020043947/www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/orphelins-orphans/english/themes/pdf/the_immigration.pdf, Accessed 12/05/2021. Excerpt from Open Hearts Closed Doors, Canadian Immigration Overview, p 11. © VHEC 2002.

Bosnian refugees in the Crnomelj Camp/Shelter. 1992, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20131020043947/www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/orphelins-orphans/english/themes/pdf/the_immigration.pdf, Accessed 12/05/2021. Source: Open Hearts Closed Doors, Canadian Immigration Overview, p 11.

Rwandan Refugees, Vancouver Holocaust Education Centre, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20131020043947/www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/orphelins-orphans/english/themes/pdf/the_immigration.pdf, Accessed 12/05/2021. Excerpt from Open Hearts Closed Doors, Canadian Immigration Overview, p 12. © VHEC 2002.

Rwandan refugees returning from Tanzania. December 1996, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20131020043947/www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/orphelins-orphans/english/themes/pdf/the_immigration.pdf, Accessed 12/05/2021. Source: Open Hearts Closed Doors, Canadian Immigration Overview, p 12.

Female loggers ('lumberjills') walking on a narrow path to work, Richard Wright. National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193655&lang=eng, Published 04/1943, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-116147.

Women workers clean a fast freight locomotive with rags in the roundhouse, Nicholas Morant/National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194191&lang=eng, Published 01/1943, Accessed 12/05/2021. C-079524.

CWAC drivers on vehicle maintenance - Pte Lowry does a tightening up on the front spring clip of her vehicle, Lieut. J. Gloster/Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3259919&lang=eng, Published 07/07/1944, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-177084.

Poster: Dig In and Dig Out the Scrap, National Salvage Committee/Dept. of Public Information, Government of Canada, Canadian War Museum, URL: https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/canadawar/p_salvage_e.html, Published 1940, Accessed 12/05/2021. Library and Archives Canada, Acc. No. 1983-30-62.

WREN W/T operators at CSR5 Marconi receivers at HMCS Coverdale, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3576149&lang=eng, Published n.d, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-204141.

Vernon High School cadets, Creator unknown, Greater Vernon Museum and Archives, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20120302230328/vernonmuseum.ca/ex_cadets.html, Published 1943-1944, Accessed 12/05/2021. Photo No. 17792.

Marion Orr, Manager of Aero Activities Ltd, Toronto Star/Library and Archives Canada, © Toronto Star, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3645220&lang=eng, Published 1955, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-125930.

Veronica Foster, an employee of John Inglis Co. Ltd. and known as "The Bren Gun Girl" posing with a finished Bren gun in the John Inglis Co. Ltd. Bren gun plant, National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193621&lang=eng, Published 10/05/1941, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-119766.

A Royal Canadian Mounted Police Officer stands in front of a sign marked "Canada" while to his left a State Trooper stands in front of a sign marked "United States" before the official ceremony commemorating the joining of the pipeline of an oil tanker terminal, Portland, Maine, with refineries in Montreal, Quebec, National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3195995&lang=eng, Published 01/08/1941, Accessed 12/05/2021. 3195995.

Indigenous Peoples and the Second World War, R. Scott Sheffield, updated by David Joseph Gallant, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-peoples-and-the-second-world-war, Published 12/05/2022, Accessed 08/12/2022. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Sergeant Tommy Prince (R), M.M, 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, with his brother, Private Morris Prince, at an investiture at Buckingham Palace, Christopher J. Woods/Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3191550&lang=eng, Published 12/02/1945, Accessed 18/06/2021. PA-142289.

Charles Tomkins, a WWII Cree code talker standing with his brothers, Frank Tomkins, Memory Project, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mpsb-frank-tomkins-primary-source, Published 1945, Accessed 16/06/2021.

1942 conscription referendum ballot, Government of Canada, URL: http://www.begbiecontestsociety.org/test2011.htm, Published 1942, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, Japanese Internment: British Columbia wages war against Japanese Canadians, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP14CH3PA3LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 12/05/2021. Source: Canada: A People's History.

Japanese Hop Workers, Creator unknown, Chilliwack Museum and Archives, URL: http://www.chilliwackmuseum.ca/hops/BG_HopCycle.html, Accessed 12/05/2021. P Coll 109 File 11.

Notice to All Japanese Persons, British Columbia Security Commission, Government of British Columbia, URL: http://postalhistorycorner.blogspot.com/2012/12/japanese-canadian-relocation-wwii.html, Published 1942, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Japanese-Canadians being relocated to camps in the interior of British Columbia, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193868&lang=eng, Published 1942, Accessed 12/05/2021. C-057250.

Relocation of Japanese-Canadians to camps in the interior of British Columbia, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193870&lang=eng, Published 1942, Accessed 12/05/2021. C-046355.

Internment camp for Japanese-Canadians [Lemon Creek, B.C], Jack Long/National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3191570&lang=eng, Published 1945, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-142853.

David Suzuki and his two sisters in an internment camp, Margaret C. Foster, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3526055&lang=eng, Published 1942-1945, Accessed 12/05/2021. Acc. no. 1976-087 / e010933900 / PA-187835.

R.C.N. officer questioning Japanese-Canadian fishermen while confiscating their boat, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193873&lang=eng, Published 09/12/1941, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-112539.

Excerpt, War Measures Act, SC 1914 (An Act to confer certain powers upon the Governor in Council and to amend the Immigration Act), Parliament of Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://primarydocuments.ca/war-measures-act-sc-1914/, Published 22/08/1914, Accessed 12/05/2021. Quoted in E. Freeman-Shaw, J. Haskings-Winner, Canadian Sources Investigated: 1914 to the Present (Toronto: Emond Montgomery, 2008) p. 66.

Canada: A People's History - The Crucible (Episode 14) Excerpt 2, CBC Television, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://youtu.be/KOjjiIHzODE, Published 2000, Accessed 11/01/2022.

Unit 3

Igor Gouzenko on TV, Montreal Star, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3239912&lang=eng, Published 10/04/1954, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-129625.

Why Igor Gouzenko hid his identity, 1968, The Day It Is, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utm-ixjDoNM, Accessed 07/02/2022.

Soviet Spy Scandal: News of a widespread spy ring in Canada cools relations with the Soviet Union, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP15CH1PA1LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 12/05/2021. Source: Canada: A People's History.

For King, the Gouzenko affair was like a 'bomb', Don Butler, Ottawa Citizen. From the series: A Glimpse Inside the Spy Scandal That Rocked Ottawa. Published 26/10/2005, Accessed 28/10/2022.

The Gouzenko Affair and the Cold War, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20221013132319/https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/008001/f2/cold-e.pdf, Accessed 12/05/2021. © Government of Canada. Reproduced with the permission of Library and Archives Canada (2021). Source: Library and Archives Canada/Canadian Confederation (Archived).

Photograph of President Truman signing the document implementing the North Atlantic Treaty at his desk in the Oval Office, as a number of dignitaries look on, Abbie Rowe, US National Archives and Records Administration, URL: https://catalog.archives.gov/id/200163, Published 24/08/1949, Accessed 12/05/2021. NARA #200163.

Excerpt, Canada: "Big players in NATO", Yves Engler, Dissident Voice, URL: https://dissidentvoice.org/2012/08/canada-big-players-in-nato/, Published 15/08/2012, Accessed 22/12/2022. © 2007-2022 Dissident Voice and respective authors.

NATO: 'A pledge for peace and progress', CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/nato-a-pledge-for-peace-and-progress, Published 04/04/1949, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, 11 Quick Facts on... The Korean War, Veterans Affairs Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/information-for/educators/quick-facts/korean-war, Published 02/12/2014, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, Blue helmets cast aside, Canada keeps the peace no more, Paul Koring, The Globe and Mail, URL: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/blue-helmets-cast-aside-canada-keeps-the-peace-no-more/article4240950/, Published 07/06/2012, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Dew line, United States Government, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dew_line_1960.jpg, Published 1960, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Fringe Benefit (cartoon), Merle Tingley, London Free Press, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, Bomarc Missile and the Nuclear Weapons Controversy: 1958-1963, The Loyal Edmonton Regiment Military Museum, URL: https://www.lermuseum.org/index.php/1946-to-present/1957-1964/bomarc-missile-and-the-nuclear-weapons-controversy-1958-1963, Published 2010, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Cartoon: …And Now A Word From The Chopping Block, Merle Tingley, Sun Media Corporation, URL: www.begbiecontestsociety.org/test2009.htm, Accessed 12/05/2021. Source: The Legionary, June 1959.

EDSAC I in construction, Creator unknown, URL: https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/relics/archive_photos.html#EDSACI, Published n.d, Accessed 12/05/2021. Copyright © Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk/.

The EDSAC Film, Professor M.V. Wilkes, University of Cambridge, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6v4Juzn10gM, Published 1951, Accessed 07/11/2022.

James S. Thomas and his family watch television in the living room of their home in Vienna, Virginia, Evert F. Baumgardner, US National Archives and Records Administration, URL: https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2010/summer/youth.html, Published ca.1958, Accessed 12/05/2021. From the pamphlet Television-Promise and Problem. (306-PS-58-9015).

Excerpts, Women in the Labour Force, M.p. Connelly, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/women-in-the-labour-force, Published 07/02/2006, Accessed 12/05/2021. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Nursing sisters dispensing medical supplies at the Royal Canadian Naval Hospital, St. John's, Newfoundland, Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3524717&lang=eng, Published ca. 1942, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-137825.

Miss Hide Hyoto, British Columbia's only Japanese public school teacher, who is serving voluntarily, after her school closes, at Hastings park, Vancouver, creator unknown, Toronto Star, URL: https://digitalarchive.tpl.ca/objects/203282, Published 16/05/1942, Accessed 12/05/2021. Source: Toronto Public Library Digital Archive, Toronto Star Photograph Archive, Object Number: TSPA_0019279f.

Violet King, lawyer, Calgary, Alberta, Jack De Lorme, Glenbow Archives, URL: https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1FYXPYZ?WS=PackagePres, Published 02/06/1954, Accessed 12/05/2021. CU1140946, Courtesy of Libraries and Cultural Resources Digital Collections, University of Calgary.

Astronaut Roberta Bondar, © Canadian Space Agency, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/multimedia/search/image/watch/213, Published 28/09/2005, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Her Excellency the Right Honorable Michaëlle Jean, Governor General of Canada (2005-2010) presented the insignia of Officers of the Order of Canada to Bertha Clark, O.C, at Rideau Hall, Sgt Eric Jolin, Rideau Hall, OSGG, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bertha-clark-jones, Published 22/02/2008, Accessed 12/05/2021. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada represented by the Office of the Secretary to the Governor General, 2008. Reproduced with the permission of OSGG, 2021.

Social Conditions of Indigenous Peoples in Canada, Joe Sawchuk, updated by Anne-marie Pedersen, Velvet Maud, David Koch, Michelle Filice, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/native-people-social-conditions, Published 27/05/2020, Accessed 22/12/2022.

Figure 1: Percentage growth in the annual number of births, Canada, 1921 to 2008, Statistics Canada, URL: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-311-x/2011003/fig/fig3_2-1-eng.cfm, Published 08/01/2013, Accessed 12/05/2021. Health Statistics Division, Vital Statistics. Reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada.

Birth of the Suburbs: Canadians embrace the comforts of home in post-war times, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP15CH3PA3LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 12/05/2021. Source: Canada: A People's History.

The Schiefner farm near Milestone, Sask. The Schiefners have all the convenience of a city home, Richard Harrington/National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3364564&lang=eng, Published 12/1956, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Typical Canadian family, Mrs. William Meadows of Hull, gives 3 year old Gary a bath in the kitchen of their four room apartment, Chris Lund/National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3587295&lang=eng, Published 09/1947, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-205817.

Displaced Persons, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP15CH3PA1LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 12/05/2021. Source: Canada: A People's History.

Crowd outside the Canadian Government Immigration Office, 61 Queen Street, London, England, Rosemary Gilliat. Dept. of Citizenship and Immigration, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3367685&lang=eng, Published ca.1956, Accessed 12/05/2021. C-045121.

Excerpt, Canada Facts and Figures: Immigration Overview, Permanent and Temporary Residents, 2011, Produced by the Research and Evaluation Branch, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, URL: https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/cic/Ci1-8-2011-eng.pdf, Published 2012, Accessed 12/22/2022. © His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada.

Canada: A People's History - Comfort and Fear (Episode 15), CBC Television, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://youtu.be/TGDPeCHB28I, Published 2000, Accessed 11/01/2022.

Canada welcomes Newfoundland into Confederation, Creator unknown, URL: http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/nfldhistory/Newfoundland%20History.htm, Published 03/1949, Accessed 12/05/2021. From Newfoundland History (1001-1949), Claude Bélanger, Marianopolis College. Matthew stamp © Canada Post.

Responsible Government, Andrew McIntosh, James Maurice Stockford Careless, updated by Jon Tattrie, Andrew McIntosh, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/responsible-government, Published 06/01/2020, Accessed 22/12/2022.

Canadian Confederation - Joseph ("Joey") Smallwood (December 24, 1900 - December 18, 1991) (archived), URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085935/https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-4000.72-e.html, Accessed 12/05/2021. © Library and Archives Canada. Reproduced with permission.

Joseph Smallwood, Duncan Cameron, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3221191&lang=eng, Published 1954, Accessed 12/05/2021. © Library and Archives Canada. Reproduced with permission. Duncan Cameron fonds/a113486.

Canadian Confederation - Peter John Cashin (March 8, 1890 - May 21, 1977) (archived), URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20191204011301/https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-4000.13-e.html, Accessed 12/05/2021. © Library and Archives Canada.

Major Peter John Cashin, © J. R. Smallwood Foundation, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20191204011301/https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-4000.13-e.html, Accessed 12/05/2021. Source: Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, Vol. 1, p.380.

Cartoon: Come into my parlour!, Creator unknown, URL: https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/independent-confederate-cartoons.php#parlor, Accessed 12/05/2021. In The Independent, May 31, 1948, p. 4.

Cartoon: It will be a clean sweep, Creator unknown, URL: https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/independent-confederate-cartoons.php#six, Accessed 12/05/2021. In The Confederate, May 31, 1948, p. 3.

Canada: A People's History - Comfort and Fear (Episode 15), CBC Television, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://curio.ca/en/video/comfort-and-fear-1750, Published 2000, Accessed 15/11/2022.

Excerpt, New Democratic Party, Alan Whitehorn, updated by Richard Foot, Tabitha Marshall, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-democratic-party, Published 24/10/2019, Accessed 08/12/2022. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Mr. T.C. Douglas addressing N.D. Party convention, Duncan Cameron, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3215033&lang=eng, Published July 1961, Accessed 14/12/2022. C-036222.

Loud Start To The Quiet Revolution: March 17, 1955: The Riot Over Rocket Richard, Michael Farber, Sports Illustrated, URL: https://vault.si.com/vault/1999/11/29/loud-start-to-the-quiet-revolution-march-17-1955-the-riot-over-rocket-richard, Published 29/11/1999, Accessed 12/05/2021.

The Rocket shunned politics, Nelson Wyatt, The Canadian Press, Published 30/05/2000, Accessed 15/12/2022. Source: The Telegram (St. John's) Final, National News, p.5.

Excerpt, Quiet revolution, Canada History, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20180411110318/https://canadahistory.com/sections/eras/cold%20war/Quiet%20Revolution.html, Accessed 12/05/2021. Copyright © 2013 Access HT. All rights reserved.

Excerpt, Quiet Revolution, René Durocher, updated by Dominique Millette, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quiet-revolution, Published 04/05/2015, Accessed 08/12/2022.

Maintenant ou jamais! Maîtres chez nous, Le Parti Liberal du Quebec, URL: https://montrealconflict.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/maitrechez-nous.jpg, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, The October Crisis of 1970: Human Rights Abuses Under the War Measures Act, Dr. Dominique Clément, Journal of Canadian Studies, URL: https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jcs.42.2.160, Published 22/12/2016, Accessed 12/05/2021. 42(2), pp. 160-186.

What is the FLQ?, CBC Digital Archives, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2672182397, Published 10/10/1970, Accessed 12/05/2021.

1970: Pierre Trudeau says 'Just Watch me' during October Crisis, CBC News The National, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1970-pierre-trudeau-says-just-watch-me-during-october-crisis, Published 13/10/1970, Accessed 12/05/2021.

October Crisis, Greg Scott, Canadahistory.com, Access HT, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20170425020605/https://canadahistory.com/sections/eras/trudeau/october_crisis.htm, Accessed 12/05/2021. Copyright © 2013 Access HT. All rights reserved.

The body of slain Quebec labour minister Pierre Laporte is pictured in the trunk of a car on October 17, 1970, Robert Nadon, Archives La Presse, URL: https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/dossiers/une-image-vaut-mille-mots/201107/09/01-4416489-lart-du-moment.php, Published 17/10/1970, Accessed 15/11/2022.

Paul Rose, age 26, at his arrest, © Sûreté du Québec, URL: https://crimeincanada.wordpress.com/2011/12/04/the-october-crisis/, Published 1970, Accessed 15/11/2022.

Troops on Montreal streets in 1970, Bob Olsen, The Toronto Star, URL: https://www.thestar.com/opinion/letters_to_the_editors/2010/10/12/two_sides_on_october_crisis.html, Published 20/10/1970, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Pierre Trudeau speaks after 1980 Quebec Referendum, CBC News The National, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1811843992, Published 20/05/1980, Accessed 15/11/2022.

Excerpt, Mary Two-Axe Early, Amanda Robinson, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mary-two-axe-earley, Published 20/08/2021, Accessed 12/05/2021. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Mary Two-Axe Early receiving Governor General's awards for the "Persons Case", Status of Women Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3606776&lang=eng, Published 17/10/1979, Accessed 12/05/2021. e002415954.

Senator James Gladstone, Creator unknown, Glenbow Archives, URL: https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1OWER3B?WS=PackagePres, Published 1958, Accessed 12/05/2021. NA-1524-1.

John Diefenbaker with Chief Brono, Chief Joe Sangris, and the Mayor of Yellowknife, North West Territories, Creator unknown, University of Saskatchewan, University Archives & Special Collections, URL: https://memorysask.ca/john-diefenbaker-with-chief-brono-chief-joe-sangris-and-the-mayor-of-yellowknife-north-west-territories, Published 07/1961, Accessed 12/05/2021. JGD/MG01/XVII/JGD 3635.

1951-1981: Aboriginal Rights Movement / White and Red Papers, 1969-1970, Canadiana, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20131221082621/https://www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/aboriginals/aboriginals12_e.html, Accessed 12/05/2021. Canada in the Making. Copyright © Canadiana.org 2001-2005.

Entering the Six Nations reserve in Southwest Ontario, Sumoflam, URL: http://sumoflam.biz/Caledonia.htm, Published 14/06/2018, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, The Calder Case, 1973, David A. Cruickshank, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/calder-case, Published 02/09/2020, Accessed 12/05/2021. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

The Berger Commission 1974-1977, Canadiana, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20131031054831/www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/aboriginals/aboriginals12_e.html#whiteandred, Accessed 12/05/2021. Canada in the Making. Copyright © Canadiana.org 2001-2005.

Map: James Bay Project, Creator unknown, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/james-bay-project, Accessed 12/05/2021. Source: James Bay Project, The Canadian Encyclopedia.

Excerpt, James Bay Project, James H. Marsh, updated by Erin James-abra, Jessica Poulin, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/james-bay-project, Published 31/03/2022, Accessed 08/12/2022. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Cree upset by Quebec's James Bay mega-project, CBC Radio News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/cree-upset-by-quebecs-james-bay-mega-project, Published 08/03/1972, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, Early postwar developments: Postwar prosperity, William Lewis Morton, David J. Bercuson and others, Encyclopædia Britannica, URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/Canada/Early-postwar-developments, Accessed 12/05/2021. © 2015 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Rt. Hon. Louis S. St. Laurent - Prime Minister of Canada (1948-1957), Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3210045&lang=eng, Published ca.1950, Accessed 12/05/2021. C-10461.

Louis St-Laurent: 'chairman of the board', CBC Radio, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/louis-st-laurent-chairman-of-the-board, Published 15/11/1956, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Mr. Louis S. St-Laurent acknowledging cheers at the National Liberal Convention, T.V. Little, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3239908&lang=eng, Published 07/08/1948, Accessed 12/05/2021. C-021524.

Hon. C.D. Howe visiting International Nickel Company, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194411&lang=eng, Published 16/02/1942, Accessed 12/05/2021. C-019382.

Clarence Decatur Howe (1886–1960), Alberta Culture and Tourism, Government of Alberta, URL: history.alberta.ca/energyheritage/gas/transformation/pipelines/clarence-decatur-howe.aspx, Published 2022, Accessed 22/12/2022.

Cabinet Minister C.D. Howe, Eric Bland, Edmonton Bulletin, City of Edmonton Archives, URL: https://cityarchives.edmonton.ca/cabinet-minister-c-d-howe-2, Published 14/06/1949, Accessed 12/05/2021. CA EDM MS-1071-EA-600-2539c.

Hon. C.D. Howe, Minister of Trade and Commerce, speaking at the official opening of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation loading facilities, Creator unknown, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3216933&lang=eng, Published 11/05/1955, Accessed 12/05/2021. C-000472.

Excerpt, Leduc No. 1 Discovery Well, Alberta Culture and Community Spirit, Historic Resources Management Branch, Government of Alberta, URL: https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=5059, Published 2022, Accessed 22/12/2022. File: Des. 1325. Source: Canada's Historic Places, Parks Canada.

Imperial Leduc #1 well, Leduc, Alberta, H. Pollard, Provincial Archives of Alberta, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/economic-canadian-american-relations, Published 13/02/1947, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Drill and water truck on NFA contract on the BC-Alberta border northeast of Charlie Lake, in -49 degrees Fahrenheit, winter of 1951-52, © Bob Rintoul, URL: https://csegrecorder.com/articles/view/early-days-of-seismic-field-operations-in-western-canada, Published 1951-1952, Accessed 12/05/2021. From Recorder: Official Publication of the Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists, December 2007, vol. 32(10).

Excerpt, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Bruce W. Wilkinson, updated by Eli Yarhi, Andrew McIntosh, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/general-agreement-on-tariffs-and-trade, Published 07/01/2021, Accessed 08/12/2022. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

The Founding Fathers - 1950, Creator unknown, The Columbo Plan Secretariat, URL: https://colombo-plan.org/history/, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Bustling New GM Trim Plant, Creator unknown, The Windsor Star, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20160116125843/http://www.canadiancar.technomuses.ca/eng/frise_chronologique-timeline/1960/, Published 31/12/1965, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, New Economic Realities, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/history/SECTIONSE1EP17CH3LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 12/05/2021. Source: Canada - A People's History.

Cars formed a double line at a gas station in New York City, Marty Lederhandler, Associated Press, URL: https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/10/15/234771573/the-1973-arab-oil-embargo-the-old-rules-no-longer-apply, Published 23/12/1973, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Alberta and the National Energy Program, CBC Alberta, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/alberta/features/tories40/nep.html, Published 2011, Accessed 12/05/2021. From the series: Tories at 40: 1971-2011.

Prime Minister Trudeau and Alberta premier Peter Lougheed toast each other to celebrate an oil-pricing agreement between the two governments, The Canadian Press file photo, URL: https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2012/09/11/tim_harper_peter_lougheed_once_stood_tallest_among_premiers.html, Published 02/09/1981, Accessed 15/11/2022.

(11512) Ford Strike, Union Support, Windsor, Ontario, 1945, Creator unknown, Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University, URL: https://reuther.wayne.edu/node/5752, Published 1945, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, Windsor Ford Strike of 1945, Daniel Panneton, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/windsor-strike, Published 02/06/2017, Accessed 08/12/2022. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Excerpt, The Asbestos Strike, James H. Marsh, URL: www.jameshmarsh.com/2011/11/the-asbestos-strike/, Published 28/11/2011, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Man in handcuffs - Asbestos strike, Montreal Star, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3536235&lang=eng, Published 02/1949, Accessed 12/05/2021. PA-196740.

Highlights in Canadian Labour History, Pattie Phillips, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/highlights-in-canadian-labour-history-1.850282, Published Wed Apr 08 2009 20:00:00 GMT-0400 (Eastern Daylight Time), Accessed 12/05/2021.

Massey Commission, J.D.M. Stewart, Helmut Kallman, updated by Andrew McIntosh, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/massey-commission-emc, Published 12/11/2019, Accessed 08/12/2022. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Design proposal for the new Canadian Flag, featuring three maple leaves, Duncan Cameron, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3237759&lang=eng, Published 1964, Accessed 12/05/2021. K-0000067.

Rejected Canadian Flag Design, printed; Manitoba, April 1963, Creator unknown, URL: http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/flagdisplay/design5.htm, Published 1963, Accessed 12/05/2021. From Canada's Flag Debate, Saskatchewan Council for Archives and Archivists © Diefenbaker Canada Centre Archives.

Rejected Canadian Flag Design, watercolour, Creator unknown, URL: http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/flagdisplay/design2.htm, Published 1963, Accessed 12/05/2021. From Canada's Flag Debate, Saskatchewan Council for Archives and Archivists © Diefenbaker Canada Centre Archives.

Excerpt, The real story behind the Canadian Flag, CBC News The National, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTMdH9-kmDk&t=1s, Published 16/02/2015, Accessed 16/11/2022.

Le Pavillon du Canada, 1967 International and Universal Exposition (Expo 67), URL: www.ameriquefrancaise.org/fr/article-548/Expo_67_de_Montr%C3%A9al,_un_%C3%A9v%C3%A8nement_marquant.html#.VDmFyRa26Jo, Published 1963, Accessed 12/05/2021.

United States of America Pavilion and view of the minirail at Expo 67, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3198274&lang=eng, Published 02/1967, Accessed 12/05/2021. e000990869.

Monorails aplenty within the futuristic fantasy world of Expo 67, Laurent Bélanger, URL: https://skyrisecities.com/news/2017/04/expo-67-hallmark-canadian-optimism-and-national-pride.26520, Published 1967, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Alice Munro, Peter Muhly, AFP/Scanpix, URL: https://www.15min.lt/galerija/nobelio-literaturos-premija-kanadieciu-rasytojai-alice-munro-44939#galerija/44939/925240, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Margaret Atwood, Scott Barbour, Getty Images, URL: https://www.buzzfeed.com/krystieyandoli/things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-margaret-atwood?utm_term=.kq1PlnPox#.nmezNOzLV, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Divining by Margaret Laurence (book cover), McGill-Queen's University Press, URL: https://nstovel.wordpress.com/margaret-laurence/, Accessed 12/05/2021. Margaret Laurence Estate.

The Wars (book cover), © Clarke, Irwin & Company Limited/Nelson Education Ltd, URL: https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/books/read-like-a-maple-leaf/wcm/80617f9f-be48-40f7-a97b-2d08356abd70, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Timothy Findley, McLaughlin Library, University of Guelph, URL: https://www.lib.uoguelph.ca/about/about-library/giving-library/our-supporters/timothy-findley, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Anne Hébert, Anne Hébert Estate, URL: https://anne-hebert.com/p.php?i=192, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Mordecai Richler, Estate of Mordecai Richler/Rogers Media, URL: https://images.forwardcdn.com/image/1300x/center/images/cropped/maccov07-16-01-1425717623.jpg, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Joy Kogawa (book cover of Joy Kogawa: Essays on Her Works), Guernica Editions, URL: https://guernicaeditions.com/title/9781550713114, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Lieutenant D. Alex Colville, War Artist, 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, Keppeln(?), Germany, 4 March 1945, Lieut. Barney J. Gloster/Dept. of National Defence, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3586369&lang=eng, Published 04/03/1945, Accessed 24/03/2023. PA-206003.

Horse and Train, Alex Colville, A.C. Fine Art Inc, URL: http://www.alexcolville.ca/gallery/, Published 1954, Accessed 12/05/2021. Glazed tempera. 40 x 53.3 cm. Art Gallery of Hamilton, Gift of Dominion Foundries and Steel Ltd, 1957.

Mary Pratt, Ned Pratt, Collection of The Rooms Provincial Art Gallery, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/mary-pratt-obituary-1.4734932, Published n.d, Accessed 22/03/2023.

Cut Watermelon, Mary Pratt, URL: https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/mary-pratt/significance-and-critical-issues/, Published 1997, Accessed 12/05/2021. Woodcut, 41.9 x 61 cm, Equinox Gallery, Vancouver.

Norval Morrisseau, handout photo, Kinsman Robinson Galleries, URL: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-documentary-shows-legal-battle-over-authenticity-of-alleged-fake-2/, Accessed 22/12/2022.

Dreaming of the Astral Plane, Norval Morrisseau, The Estate of Norval Morrisseau, URL: http://artsdumonde.canalblog.com/archives/2015/12/08/33039786.html, Published ca.1995, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Home fans boo Canadians, Esposito lets them have it, CBC Sunday Magazine, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/home-fans-boo-espo-lets-them-have-it, Published 10/09/1972, Accessed 12/05/2021.

1972 Summit Series: Canada vs Soviet Union, Melchior Di Giacomo, Getty Images, URL: https://nationalpost.com/sports/hockey/nhl/alan-eagleson-will-not-be-part-of-summit-series-celebrations, Published 09/1972, Accessed 12/05/2021.

In ’72, Hockey’s Cold War Boiled Over, Jeff Z. Klein, The New York Times, URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/sports/hockey/in-hockeys-1972-summit-series-between-canada-and-soviet-union-cold-war-got-colder.html, Published 01/09/2012, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Richard Foot, updated by Eli Yarhi, Andrew MacIntosh, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-charter-of-rights-and-freedoms, Published 02/03/2020, Accessed 22/12/2022.

Excerpt, Timeline: Same-sex rights in Canada, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/timeline-same-sex-rights-in-canada-1.1147516, Published 25/05/2015, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Greenpeace, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP16CH2PA2LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 12/05/2021. Source: Canada: A People's History.

Excerpt, People with disabilities significant historical events, Inclusion Canada, URL: https://inclusioncanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Historical_Timeline_for_People_with_Disabilities.pdf, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, Terry's Story: Marathon of Hope, The Terry Fox Foundation, URL: https://terryfox.org/terrys-story/, Published 2021, Accessed 16/12/2022.

How Terry Fox changed Canada, Leslie Scrivener, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, URL: https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2010/04/11/how_terry_fox_changed_canada.print.html, Published 11/04/2010, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Terry Fox and Leslie Scrivener, Toronto Star file photo, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, URL: https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2010/04/11/how_terry_fox_changed_canada.print.html, Published 11/04/2010, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Vietnam war protest on University Avenue in front of the U.S. consulate. (Toronto), Dick Darrell, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, URL: http://susanschuppli.com/category/pedagogy/, Accessed 22/12/2022. TST-T12114.

Excerpt, Canada's World: Historic Timeline (1956-1968), Centre for Dialogue, Simon Fraser University, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20100519124804/http://www.canadasworld.ca/timeline/19561968, Published 2010, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, Canadian Multiculturalism, Laurence Brosseau and Michael Dewing, Library of Parliament, URL: https://lop.parl.ca/sites/PublicWebsite/default/en_CA/ResearchPublications/200920E#a2-2-2, Published 03/01/2018, Accessed 22/12/2022. Publication No. 2009-20-E.

Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Canada, Jay Makarenko, Re:politics, URL: https://repolitics.com/features/multiculturalism-policy-in-canada/, Published 12/01/2010, Accessed 12/05/2021.

Excerpt, Immigration to Canada, Harold Troper, updated by Maude-Emmanuelle Lambert, Clayton Ma, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/immigration, Published 26/10/2022, Accessed 22/12/2022.

Unit 4

Demonstration of "Solidarity", D. Woljteic, AFP/ Belga News Agency, URL: https://euobserver.com/eu-political/32305, Published 01/05/1989, Accessed 13/05/2021.

Lenin [statue] takes the fall for communism, Creator unknown, URL: http://thefifthwave.wordpress.com/2011/03/01/a-man-on-fire-pictures-from-the-revolution/, Published 1989, Accessed 13/05/2021.

Basic Time Line of the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the USSR, Mark Baker, Koc Universitesi, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20141111073359/http://home.ku.edu.tr/mbaker/public_html/Hist440/Hist440EEcollapsetimeline.html, Accessed 13/05/2021. Excerpt from university course: HIST 440 (CSHS 540): Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire, 1917-1991.

West and East Germans at the Brandenburg Gate in 1989, Creator unknown, Senate of Berlin, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thefalloftheberlinwall1989.JPG, Published 1989, Accessed 13/05/2021.

Definition of Apartheid, via Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, URL: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/apartheid, Published 2023, Accessed 09/01/2023. Source: Apartheid Summary, Editors of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/summary/apartheid.

Apartheid in Practice: Law & Order in South Africa (Poster), David King, Anti-Apartheid Movement Archives, Bodleian Library, Oxford University, URL: https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/david_king, Published 1977, Accessed 13/05/2021. Publisher: Anti-Apartheid Movement, United Nations Centre Against Apartheid.

Canada’s political fight against apartheid, Sandra Martin, The Globe and Mail Inc, URL: www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/nelson-mandela/canadas-political-fight-against-apartheid/article15812626/, Published 06/12/2013, Accessed 13/05/2021.

Formal photo of representatives to the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference and Queen Elizabeth II, © Central Office of Information, London, England, University of Saskatchewan, University Archives & Special Collections, URL: https://memorysask.ca/formal-photo-of-representatives-to-the-commonwealth-prime-ministers-conference-and-queen-elizabeth-ii, Published 05/1960, Accessed 13/05/2021. Item JGD/MG01/XVII/JGD 1300.

Mandela addresses Parliament, Fred Chartrand, The Canadian Press, URL: https://nationalpost.com/news/world/how-brian-mulroney-spearheaded-canadian-push-to-end-apartheid-in-south-africa-and-free-nelson-mandela, Published 18/06/1990, Accessed 13/05/2021.

Excerpt, Endless war: a brief history of the Somali conflict, Mark Bradbury and Sally Healy, Conciliation Resources, URL: www.c-r.org/accord-article/endless-war-brief-history-somali-conflict, Published 02/2010, Accessed 13/05/2021. Source: Accord Issue 21 Somalia.

Political cartoon: Somalia Distinguished Service Medal, Bob Krieger, Simon Fraser University, URL: http://digital.lib.sfu.ca/islandora/object/edcartoons:5096, Published 05/10/1995, Accessed 13/05/2021. SFU Library Editorial Cartoons Collection. Appeared in The Province October 5, 1995.

Canadian Airborne Regiment commandos Private Kyle Brown and Master Corporal Clayton Matchee, Tom Braid/Edmonton Sun//QMI Agency, Postmedia Network Inc, URL: www.edmontonsun.com/2013/03/15/the-canadian-airborne-regiments-somali-affair-20-years-later, Published 15/12/1992, Accessed 13/05/2021.

Canadian Peacekeepers in Rwanda, Richard Foot, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-rwanda, Published 02/08/2019, Accessed 13/05/2021. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Canadian soldier cleaning a boy in Rwanda, Department of National Defence/Veterans Affairs Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-rwanda, Accessed 13/05/2021.

Roméo Dallaire portrait, Senate of Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-rwanda, Accessed 13/05/2021.

Canadian Armed Forces members stacking sandbags in Rwanda, Department of National Defence/Veterans Affairs Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-rwanda, Accessed 13/05/2021.

Rwandan children who had lost their parents rest at Ndosha camp in Goma, United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), United Nations, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/un_photo/17430964385, Published 25/07/1994, Accessed 13/05/2021. Ndosha Camp, Zaire, Photo #78969.

Romeo Dallaire Quotation. Excerpt from R. Dallaire, B. Beardsley, Shake hands with the devil: the failure of humanity in Rwanda (Toronto: Random House Canada, 2003). URL: en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_Dallaire.

Excerpt, Rwanda 1994, Peace Pledge Union, URL: https://www.ppu.org.uk/sites/default/files/Genocide%20RWANDA%201994.pdf, Accessed 13/05/2021.

Jean apologizes for Canada’s role in Rwanda, Tonda MacCharles, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, URL: www.thestar.com/news/canada/2010/04/21/jean_apologizes_for_canadas_role_in_rwanda.html, Published 21/04/2010, Accessed 13/05/2021.

Gov. Gen. Michaelle Jean pauses after laying a wreath Wednesday at the mass gravesite of 250,000 victims of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, Tonda MacCharles, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, URL: www.thestar.com/news/canada/2010/04/21/jean_apologizes_for_canadas_role_in_rwanda.html, Published 21/04/2010, Accessed 13/05/2021.

Gen. Roméo Dallaire, commander of UN forces in Rwanda, speaks to reporters from the UN headquarters in the Rwandan capital of Kigali, Wednesday June 1, 1994, Jean-Marc Bouju, The Associated Press, URL: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/dallaire-testifies-mefloquine-drug-impaired-his-thought-process/article34235648/, Published 01/06/1994, Accessed 13/05/2021.

Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali places a flower wreath next to a shed in which lie the remains of Rwandan civilians massacred last year, C. Dufka, United Nations, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/un_photo/24442175523/in/album-72157694928781020/, Published 14/07/1995, Accessed 13/05/2021. Photo #84155.

Canadian Armed Forces members beside Hercules aircraft in Arabian Gulf region, Department of National Defense, Government of Canada, URL: www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/canadian-armed-forces/persian-gulf, Accessed 13/05/2021. APD03-0659-50.

What is a residential school?, TVO, OECA, URL: https://www.tvo.org/video/what-is-a-residential-school, Published 06/03/2021, Accessed 07/12/2022.

Excerpt, A Word from Commissioners, The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, URL: www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/eppp-archive/100/200/301/inac-ainc/highlights_report_royal-e/wrd_e.html, Accessed 13/05/2021. Source: People to people, nation to nation: Highlights from the report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples © Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1996.

Excerpt, Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, URL: https://ehprnh2mwo3.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Executive_Summary_English_Web.pdf, Published 2015, Accessed 15/06/2021.

Old Sun Indian Residential School, Gleichen, AB, 1945, Anglican Church Archives, General Synod Archives, P75-103-S7-184.

Your questions answered about Canada's residential school system, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-residential-schools-kamloops-faq-1.6051632, Published 01/07/2021, Accessed 17/01/2023.

A pair of children's moccasins at a memorial, Ben Selms, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-residential-schools-kamloops-faq-1.6051632, Published 01/07/2021, Accessed 17/01/2023.

Residential Schools of Canada Map, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-residential-schools-kamloops-faq-1.6051632, Published May 2011, Accessed 17/01/2023.

People pay their respects at a growing memorial in Vancouver, Ben Selms, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-residential-schools-kamloops-faq-1.6051632, Published 01/07/2021, Accessed 17/01/2023.

Members of Metepenagiag First Nation marched to raise awareness and honour the memory of the 215 children in New Brunswick, Gary Moore, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-residential-schools-kamloops-faq-1.6051632, Published 04/06/2021, Accessed 17/01/2023.

Demonstrators gathered for a vigil in honour of the 215 children at the controversial John A. Macdonald statue in Charlottetown on Monday, Jane Robertson, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-residential-schools-kamloops-faq-1.6051632, Published 04/06/2021, Accessed 17/01/2023.

Excerpt, Africville, Jon Tattrie, updated by Celine Cooper and Clayton Ma, Historica Canada, URL: www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/africville/, Published 27/01/2014, Accessed 13/05/2021. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Excerpt, Victims of the Times, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP16CH3PA2LE.html, Accessed 14/05/2021. Source: Canada: A People's History.

Excerpt, Africville, Jon Tattrie, updated by Celine Cooper & Clayton Ma, Historica Canada, URL: www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/africville/, Published 27/01/2014, Accessed 14/05/2021. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Cover, Razing Africville by Jennifer J. Nelson, © University of Toronto Press, URL: https://utorontopress.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/S/P/SP002437.jpg, Accessed 14/05/2021. Image source: Nelson, J. J. (2008). Razing Africville: A geography of racism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Excerpts, The War Years and Beyond - Years of Sorrow and Shame and 1950s to Present - Rebuilding and Revival, 2011 Networks Project (of the Nikkei National Museum & Cultural Centre), URL: https://japanesecanadianhistory.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Secondary-Guide-Complete.pdf, Accessed 14/05/2021. In Internment and Redress: The Japanese Canadian Experience, A Resource Guide for Social Studies 11 Teachers, pp. 21-22. © Copyright 2011 Networks Project.

Redress Rally March in Ottawa 1988, Creator unknown, Japanese Canadian Cultural Centre Archives, URL: http://www.discovernikkei.org/pt/journal/2013/6/10/jc-experience-2/, Published 1988, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Excerpt, Redress Movement, Japanese Canadian Cultural Centre, URL: https://jccc.on.ca/heritage/exhibitions/online-exhibition, Accessed 14/05/2021. From SEDAI: The Japanese Canadian Legacy Project.

The Chinese Head Tax: Adapted from "Chinese head tax in Canada", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_head_tax_in_Canada, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Excerpt, S.S. St. Louis and human rights, Chimme Dolma (student at Parkdale Collegiate Institute), Ontario Human Rights Commission, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20130714071838/www.ohrc.on.ca/en/living-rights-and-creed/ss-st-louis-and-human-rights, Accessed 14/05/2021. © King's Printer for Ontario.

The Inuit High Arctic Relocation: Adapted from "Backgrounder - Apology for Inuit High Arctic Relocation", Government of Canada, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20131225095749/www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100015426/1100100015427, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Excerpt, We Are More, Shane Koyczan, URL: http://thetorontoquarterly.blogspot.com/2010/02/shane-koyczan-we-are-more-full-text.html, Published 13/02/2010, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Preston Manning, Manning Centre for Building Democracy, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20120708233551/www.manningcentre.ca/board-of-directors/preston-manning-president-and-ceo/, Published 2004, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Excerpt, Reform Party of Canada, Trevor W. Harrison, updated by Richard Foot, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/reform-party-of-canada, Published 01/06/2017, Accessed 08/12/2022. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Lucien Bouchard portrait, Lucien Bouchard, URL: https://www.droit-inc.com/article14507-Lucien-Bouchard-agira-comme-mediateur, Published 26/01/2015, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Elizabeth May portrait, Green Party of Canada, URL: https://www.carp.ca/2012/02/09/letter-to-carp-from-elizabeth-may-re-oas/, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Excerpt, Green Party of Canada, Alan Whitehorn, updated by Paul Bishop, Andrew McIntosh, Clayton Ma, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/green-party-of-canada, Published 29/09/2021, Accessed 08/12/2022. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Adapted from GST at 20: Mulroney has no regrets on Canada’s most hated tax, Julian Beltrame, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, URL: https://www.thestar.com/business/2010/12/28/gst_at_20_mulroney_has_no_regrets_on_canadas_most_hated_tax.html, Published 28/12/2010, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Adapted from Mulroney stacks senate to pass GST, CBC The National, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1435062472, Published 27/09/1990, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Excerpt, Address by Prime Minister Paul Martin on Bill C-38 (The Civil Marriage Act), Prime Minister Paul Martin, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2005/02/address-prime-minister-paul-martin-bill-c-38-civil-marriage-act-.html, Published 16/02/2005, Accessed 14/05/2021. Source: website of the Liberal Party of Canada, as archived by Library and Archives Canada.

Excerpt, Employment Equity Act (S.C. 1995, c. 44), Department of Justice, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/E-5.401/page-1.html#h-2, Published 15/12/1995, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Map: Women Get Less, Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE), URL: https://cupe.ca/women-still-face-pay-gaps-nationwide, Accessed 14/05/2021. Based on Statistics Canada, Table 282-0070 Labour force survey estimates; URL: www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=2820070&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=38&tabMode=dataTable&csid=.

Employment equity laws ensure workplace fairness, Mary Cornish, Avvy Yao-Yao Go, John Rae, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, URL: https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorial_cartoon/2013/02/01/employment_equity_laws_ensure_workplace_fairness.print.html, Published 01/02/2013, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Excerpt, Bill C-31, Indigenous Foundations/First Nations and Indigenous Studies, University of British Columbia, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20170320084653/http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/bill_c-31/, Accessed 14/05/2021. © First Nations Studies Program.

Paul Okalik, premier of Nunavut 1999-2008, Annette Bourgeois, The Canadian Press, URL: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/paul-okalik/, Published 05/02/1999, Accessed 14/05/2021. CP Identifier 905115.

Adapted from Nunavut and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement - An Unresolved Relationship, Barry Dewar, Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated, URL: https://www.tunngavik.com/files/2010/04/nlca-nunavut-dewar-2009.pdf, Published 01/07/2009, Accessed 14/05/2021. Appeared in Policy Options, July-August 2009.

Excerpt, Métis, Rick Ouellet & Erin Hanson/First Nations Studies Program, University of British Columbia, URL: http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/metis/, Accessed 14/05/2021. © First Nations Studies Program.

Excerpt, Who are the Métis?, Métis National Council, URL: https://www2.metisnation.ca/about/faq/, Published 2022, Accessed 08/12/2022.

Excerpt, Citizenship, Métis National Council, URL: https://www2.metisnation.ca/about/citizenship/, Published 2022, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Métis flag, Enjoyhats, Wikipedia, Design: Alexander Macdonnell, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_flag#mediaviewer/File:Metis_Blue.svg, Published 27/12/2006, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Franco-Ontario flag, Ontario Office of Francophone Affairs, King's Printer for Ontario, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Franco-Ontarian_flag.svg, Accessed 14/05/2021. Image uploaded to Wikimedia Commons by Zscout360, updated image provided by MapGrid.

Excerpt, 9/11 and Canada, Brian Dubreuil, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canada-and-911, Published 30/04/2015, Accessed 17/01/2023.

The World Trade Center engulfed in flames, Sean Adair, Reuters, URL: https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-tvmoments-idUKL1553331120071015, Published 11/09/2001, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Excerpt, Four Days in September, Transport Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://tc.canada.ca/en/four-days-september#yellow, Published 07/01/2014, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Excerpt, Notes for a Statement by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien: An Address to the Nation Concerning the International Campaign Against Terrorism, Jean Crétien, URL: epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/prime_minister-ef/jean_chretien/2003-12-08/stagingpm_3a8080/default.asp@language=e&page=newsroom&sub=speeches&doc=nationterrorism.20011007_e.htm, Published 07/10/2001, Accessed 14/05/2021. Public Works and Government Services Canada (PWGSC).

A Canadian soldier takes a position during a patrol in Arghandab, a district of Kandahar province, Allauddin Khan, Associated Press, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-s-military-mission-in-afghanistan-1.777386, Published 06/07/2008, Accessed 14/05/2021. Image no. 08070603710.

Excerpt, Canada and the War in Afghanistan, Stephen Azzi, Richard Foot, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/international-campaign-against-terrorism-in-afghanistan, Published 05/02/2021, Accessed 08/12/2022. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Canadian Forces’ Casualty Statistics (Afghanistan), The Department of National Defense and the Canadian Armed Forces, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2011/01/canadian-forces-casualty-statistics-afghanistan-.html, Published 10/06/2013, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Excerpt, Controversial Teenage Guantanamo Detainee Transferred to Canada, Azmat Khan, PBS, URL: www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/biographies/son-of-al-qaeda/controversial-teenage-guantanamo-detainee-transferred-to-canada/, Published 02/10/2012, Accessed 14/05/2021. © WGBH Educational Foundation.

Canada's 'No' To Iraq War A Defining Moment For Prime Minister, Even 10 Years Later, Sunny Freeman, The Huffington Post Canada, URL: https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/canadas-no-to-iraq-war-a-defining-moment-for-prime-minister_n_2902305, Published 19/03/2013, Accessed 14/05/2021. © TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc.

Canadian PM Jean Chrétien with U.S. President George W. Bush, The Canadian Press, URL: https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/canadas-no-to-iraq-war-a-defining-moment-for-prime-minister_n_2902305, Published 09/09/2002, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Map: Maritime jurisdiction and boundaries in the Arctic region, Lindsey Burrows, The American Interest LLC, URL: https://www.the-american-interest.com/2013/12/12/canadas-arctic-moves/, Published Wed Dec 11 2013 19:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time), Accessed 14/05/2021. Map data sources: International Boundaries Research Unit at Durham University U.S. Geological Survey, National Snow and Ice Data Center.

Excerpt, Sovereignty issues loom as Arctic sea ice shrinks, Brian Case, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sovereignty-issues-loom-as-arctic-sea-ice-shrinks-1.1285765, Published 12/09/2012, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Cartoon: Canada's sovereignty over Arctic, Adrian Raeside for the Victoria Times-Colonist, URL: https://raesidecartoon.com/vault/canadas-sovereignty-over-artic/, Accessed 14/05/2021.

U.S. President Barak Obama and Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, Paul Chiasson, The Canadian Press File Photo, URL: https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2014/09/11/stephen_harpers_30day_iraq_timeline_absurd_tim_harper.html, Published 07/12/2011, Accessed 14/05/2021.

U.S. President Donald Trump and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Michael Kappeler, DPA / Zuma Press / TNS, URL: https://www.thestar.com/business/2018/08/26/trump-impeachment-nafta-casts-a-shadow-over-canadian-economy.html, Published 08/06/2018, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Excerpt, First Nations in Canada, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC), Government of Canada, URL: https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1307460755710/1536862806124, Published 02/05/2017, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Loft, Frederick Ogilvie, Donald B. Smith, University of Toronto/Université Laval, URL: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/loft_frederick_ogilvie_16E.html, Published 2003, Accessed 14/05/2021. in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 16.

Native Leaders of Canada, New Federation House - Maison Nouvelle Fédération, URL: http://www.newfederation.org/Native_Leaders/Bios/Loft.htm, Published 2008, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Prejudice and Discrimination in Canada, Howard Palmer, Leo Driedger, updated by Julia Skikavich, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/prejudice-and-discrimination, Published 04/03/2015, Accessed 08/12/2022.

Aboriginal People in the Canadian Military, Chapter Five: The World Wars, National Defence and the Canadian Forces, URL: https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/popular-books/aboriginal-people-canadian-military/world-wars.html, Published 19/04/2008, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Arrival of Strangers - The Last 500 Years, Canadian Museum of History, URL: https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/fp/fpz4g03e.html, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Attempts to Reform or Repeal the Indian Act, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC), Government of Canada, URL: https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1323350306544/1544711580904, Published 05/07/2013, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Aboriginal People: History of Discriminatory Laws, Wendy Moss, Elaine Gardner-O'Toole, Law and Government Division, Government of Canada, URL: http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp175-e.htm, Published 11/1987, Accessed 14/05/2021.

Indigenous Political Organization and Activism in Canada, Noel Dyck, Tonio Sadik, updated by Gretchen Albers, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-political-organization-and-activism, Published 04/12/2020, Accessed 08/12/2022.

The New Canadian Family (infographic), TVO, OECA, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20140716201517/www.theagenda.tvo.org/sites/default/files/canadian%20family.png, Accessed 17/05/2021. Source: The Agenda with Steve Paikin, with data from Statistics Canada (Portrait of Families and Living Arrangements in Canada; Fifty Years of Families in Canada: 1961-2011) © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority.

Canadian families shrinking, married couples in decline: Census, Bill Curry, The Globe and Mail Inc, URL: www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canadian-families-shrinking-married-couples-in-decline-census/article4553124/, Published 19/09/2012, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Diverse members of a family, Leigh Tynan, The Canadian Press, URL: www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canadian-families-shrinking-married-couples-in-decline-census/article4553124/, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Excerpt, Immigration Acts (1866–2001): Asian and African Immigration, 1980s and 1990s, Canada in the Making, Canadiana.org, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20130610125327/https://www.canadiana.ca/citm/specifique/immigration_e.html, Accessed 17/05/2021. From Canada in the Making.

Excerpt, Immigration Policy in Canada, Gerald E. Dirks, updated by Richard Foot, Clayton Ma, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/immigration-policy, Published 23/10/2020, Accessed 09/12/2022.

Excerpt, Canadian Refugee Policy, Clayton Ma, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-refugee-policy, Published 10/11/2020, Accessed 09/12/2022.

Canadian Immigration in 2011 (infographic), CanadaFAQ.ca, Art Branch Inc, URL: http://www.canadafaq.ca/canadian-immigration-facts.php, Published 2015, Accessed 17/05/2021. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY-ND 3.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/.

Chart 4: Greatest difficulties new immigrants faced since arriving in Canada (Cited 4 years after arrival), Statistics Canada, URL: www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2007000/c-g/4097864-eng.htm, Accessed 17/05/2021. Source: Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada, 2005. Reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada.

Excerpt, Perspective: Impact of Multiculturalism, Canadian Historical Association, Chinook Multimedia Inc, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20040326021138/http://www.canadianhistory.ca/iv/perspective/perspective20_2.html, Published 2000, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Multiculturalism in its controversial glory: Is Canada a 'country without a core culture'?, Joe O'Connor, Postmedia Network Inc, URL: https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/multiculturalism-in-its-controversial-glory-is-canada-a-country-without-a-core-culture, Published 24/10/2012, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Image: Group of people with Canadian flags, Dean Bicknell/Postmedia News, Postmedia Network Inc, URL: https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/multiculturalism-in-its-controversial-glory-is-canada-a-country-without-a-core-culture, Published 24/10/2012, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Image: Parminder Singh, National Post files, Postmedia Network Inc, URL: https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/multiculturalism-in-its-controversial-glory-is-canada-a-country-without-a-core-culture, Published 24/10/2012, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Canadians on Citizenship (infographic), Institute for Canadian Citizenship, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20140314154500/http://icc-icc.ca/en/news/citizens.php, Published 2012, Accessed 17/05/2021. Survey in partnership with The Environics Institute, ICC, Maytree Foundation, CBC News, and RBC.

Excerpt, 1980-2012 - A 30 + Year Timeline of Meetings Technology Innovation, Corbin Ball, URL: https://corbinball.wordpress.com/category/hotel-technology/, Published 21/03/2012, Accessed 17/05/2021. Source: Corbin Ball's TechTalk Blog.

11 Tech and Science Breakthroughs of the 2000s, PIMO, Listverse Ltd, URL: www.listverse.com/2012/01/08/11-tech-and-science-breakthroughs-of-the-2000s/, Published 18/06/2014, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Excerpt, Definition of Stem Cell, Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, URL: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stem%20cell, Published 08/01/2015, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Statscan data points to Canada’s growing digital divide: Geist, Michael Geist, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, URL: www.thestar.com/business/tech_news/2013/11/01/statscan_data_points_to_canadas_growing_digital_divide_geist.html, Published 01/11/2013, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Library user on Internet, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, URL: www.thestar.com/business/tech_news/2013/11/01/statscan_data_points_to_canadas_growing_digital_divide_geist.html, Published 01/11/2013, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Year in Ideas: How Canadian identity has changed and what it means for our future, Kathryn Blaze Carlson, National Post, Postmedia Network Inc, URL: https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/year-in-ideas-how-canadian-identity-has-changed-and-what-it-means-for-our-future, Published 28/12/2012, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Still image from Molson "I Am Canadian" advertisement, Molson Coors Beverage Company, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMxGVfk09lU, Published 2000, Accessed 09/12/2022.

War of 1812 celebration, Aaron Lynett, National Post, Postmedia Network Inc, Published 2012, Accessed 09/12/2022.

Vancouver Winter Olympics, David Hecker/AFP, Getty Images, Published 2010, Accessed 09/12/2022.

Peacekeepers in Afghanistan, Shah Marai/AFP, Getty Images, Accessed 09/12/2022.

Excerpt, Arrival: The Story of CanLit, Nick Mount, House of Anansi Press, URL: https://www.tvo.org/article/how-canada-and-the-world-got-serious-about-canlit, Published 02/09/2017, Accessed 09/12/2022. Source: How Canada - and the world - got serious about CanLit, tvo.org, Excerpt from Arrival reproduced at tvo.org with the permission of House of Anansi Press, Toronto. www.houseofanansi.com. Text copyright © 2017 by Nick Mount.

Cover, Arrival: The Story of CanLit, Nick Mount, House of Anansi Press, URL: https://www.tvo.org/article/how-canada-and-the-world-got-serious-about-canlit, Published 02/09/2017, Accessed 09/12/2022.

Behind the 90s Canadian Music Explosion, Jesse Kinos-Goodin, CBC Music, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbcmusic.ca/posts/11202/behind-the-90s-canadian-music-explosion, Published 25/02/2014, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Excerpt, Hollywood North: The Canadian film industry, Statistics Canada, URL: www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-402-x/2006/3955/ceb3955_003-eng.htm, Published 28/01/2006, Accessed 17/05/2021. Reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada.

Cirque du Soleil - Saltimbanco, Cirque du Soleil, URL: http://cirquedusoleil.weebly.com/saltimbanco.html, Accessed 17/05/2021.

60-MINUTE SPECIAL #1 | Cirque du Soleil | KURIOS – Cabinet of Curiosities, ‘’O’’ and LUZIA, Cirque du Soleil, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQ5eUJNXrMw, Published 27/03/2020, Accessed 09/12/2022.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Formula and How to Use It, Jason Fernando, Investopedia, LLC, URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gdp.asp, Published 29/09/2022, Accessed 12/12/2022.

Per Capita GDP Defined: Applications and Highest Per Country, The Investopedia Team, Investopedia, LLC, URL: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/per-capita-gdp.asp, Published 28/10/2022, Accessed 12/12/2022.

Graph: Canada's Growth has Recovered Strongly, © OECD, URL: www.csls.ca/ipm/7/nicholson-e.pdf, Accessed 17/05/2021. Table 1.1 in OECD (2003) The Sources of Economic Growth in OECD Countries (Paris).

Why Canada’s recession wasn’t as brutal, Tavia Grant, The Globe and Mail Inc, URL: www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/economy-lab/why-canadas-recession-wasnt-as-brutal/article612437/, Published 11/03/2011, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Excerpt, What Is an Economic Bubble and How Does it Work, With Examples, Will Kenton, Investopedia, LLC, URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bubble.asp, Published 03/04/2022, Accessed 12/12/2022.

Excerpt, Consumerism Explained: Definition, Economic Impact, Pros & Cons, Adam Hayes, Investopedia, LLC, URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/consumerism.asp, Published 28/09/2022, Accessed 12/12/2022.

Excerpt, Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism, 6th Edition, Richard Robbins, Pearson, Published 28/06/2013, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Excerpts, Consumer Debt, Investopedia, Investopedia, LLC, URL: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/consumer-debt.asp, Published 29/10/2021, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Household debt in Canada, Raj K. Chawla, Sharanjit Uppal, Statistics Canada, URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-001-x/2012002/article/11636-eng.htm, Accessed 17/05/2021. Perspectives on Labour and Income, March 23, 2012. Component of Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-X. Reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada.

Graph: Collapse of Atlantic cod stocks off the East Coast of Newfoundland in 1992, Cartographers: Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal, URL: http://www.grida.no/resources/6067, Published 2007, Accessed 17/05/2021. Source: Millenium Ecosystem Assessment.

Excerpt, Cod Collapse, Canada History, © Access HT, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20171003231527/www.canadahistory.com/sections/eras/pcs%20in%20power/Cod%20Collapse.html, Published 2013, Accessed 17/05/2021.

How the fishery collapsed (infographic), Alfred Elicierto, URL: https://visualstoryteller.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/overfishing-killed-newfoundlands-cod-fishery/, Accessed 17/05/2021. Published in the Toronto Star in 1993. Sources: Canada’s provincial fisheries departments; Statistics Canada.

Excerpt, Economic Impacts of the Cod Moratorium, Jenny Higgins, Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage, URL: www.heritage.nf.ca/society/moratorium_impacts.html, Published 2008, Accessed 17/05/2021.

World map showing GDP real growth rates for 2009, User: Mnmazur, Wikipedia Commons, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gdp_real_growth_rate_2007_CIA_Factbook.PNG, Published 2009, Accessed 17/05/2021. CIA world factbook estimates as of April 2010, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html.

Graph: Canada GDP Growth Rate, TradingEconomics, with data from Statistics Canada, URL: www.tradingeconomics.com/canada/gdp-growth, Published ca. 2014, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Graph: Canadian exports to U.S, in billions of dollars, The Macdonald- Laurier Institute, The Globe and Mail Inc, URL: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/after-25-years-free-trade-deal-with-us-has-helped-canada-grow-up/article4576313/, Published 29/09/2012, Accessed 17/05/2021.

New Economic Realities, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/history/SECTIONSE1EP17CH3LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 17/05/2021. Source: Canada: A People's History.

Excerpt, Bringing Down the Barriers, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP17CH3PA2LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 17/05/2021. Source: Canada: A People's History.

Maude Barlow, The Council of Canadians, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maude_Barlow.jpg, Published 2006, Accessed 17/05/2021.

Excerpt, Canada-U.S. free trade: The Great Debate never ended, Maude Barlow, rabble.ca, URL: http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/maude-barlow/2012/10/canada-us-free-trade-%E2%80%93-great-debate-never-ended, Published 05/10/2012, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Excerpt, Bringing Down the Barriers, CBC Learning, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP17CH3PA2LE.html, Published 2001, Accessed 18/05/2021. Source: Canada: A People's History.

NAFTA Initialing Ceremony, October 1992, United States Government, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nafta.jpg, Published 10/1992, Accessed 18/05/2021. Source: George Bush Presidential Library.

Excerpt, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Peter Bondarenko/The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, URL: www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418784/North-American-Free-Trade-Agreement-NAFTA, Published 05/05/2017, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Mulroney on his NAFTA legacy, Joe Chidley, The Globe and Mail Inc, URL: www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-magazine/brian-mulroney-on-nafta-and-other/article17111096/, Published 27/02/2014, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Excerpts, FAQs/What is the difference between hardwood and softwood?, NZ Wood, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20160715034515/www.nzwood.co.nz/faqs/what-is-the-difference-between-hardwood-and-softwood/, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Why the U.S. has Canada’s lumber industry shaking like a leaf, Sarah Reid, TVO Today, OECA, URL: https://www.tvo.org/article/why-the-us-has-canadas-lumber-industry-shaking-like-a-leaf, Published 26/04/2017, Accessed 14/12/2022.

Excerpt, Overview of Canada's Forest Industry - Forest industry and trade, Natural Resources Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/forests/industry-and-trade/overview-canadas-forest-industry/13311, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Map: Canadian unemployment rates by province and region, Canadian Business staff, St. Joseph Communications, URL: https://archive.canadianbusiness.com/economy/gallery-canada-unemployment-rates/#gallery_top, Published 18/04/2013, Accessed 18/05/2021. All figures are for February 2013.

Excerpt, Regional Economics in Canada, Mario Polese, updated by Peter Diekmeyer, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/regional-economics, Published 13/11/2020, Accessed 18/05/2021. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Regional Inequality In Canada Among Worst In Developed World: OECD, Sunny Freeman, The Huffington Post Canada, URL: https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/regional-inequality-in-canada-among-worst-in-developed-world-oe_n_5948010?utm_hp_ref=economy-canada, Published 07/10/2014, Accessed 18/05/2021. Part of HuffPost News. ©2021 BuzzFeed, Inc.

Regional difference in GDP per capita levels, OECD Publishing, URL: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-regional-outlook-2014_9789264201415-en#page36, Published 2014, Accessed 12/12/2022. Source: OECD Regional Outlook 2014: Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People Meet.

Regional disparities in unemployment trends, OECD Publishing, URL: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-regional-outlook-2014_9789264201415-en#page36, Published 2014, Accessed 12/12/2022. Source: OECD Regional Outlook 2014: Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People Meet.

Excerpt, Whither Western Alienation?: Shifting Patterns of Western Canadian Discontent with the Federal Government, Dr. Loleen Berdahl, Canada West Foundation, URL: https://cwf.ca/research/publications/whither-western-alienation-shifting-patterns-of-western-canadian-discontent-with-the-federal-government/, Published 21/10/2010, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Excerpt, Ontario Economy's Challenges Are Just Beginning, Maria Babbage, The Canadian Press, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20130914031955/www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/09/11/ontario-economy-challenges_n_3906041.html, Published 11/09/2013, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Excerpt, Quebec, Britannica Kids, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, URL: https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Quebec/276614#, Accessed 17/05/2017.

Excerpt, The grand plan for Quebec’s North, Barrie McKenna, The Globe and Mail Inc, URL: www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/energy-and-resources/the-grand-plan-for-quebecs-north/article4263113/, Published 24/08/2012, Accessed 18/05/2021.

WRI 161/162: Speaking American: Primary vs. Secondary Sources, Princeton University Library, URL: https://libguides.princeton.edu/c.php?g=1006760&p=7293629, Published 12/12/2022, Accessed 14/12/2022.

Queen Elizabeth II signs the Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982, patriating Canada's Constitution, Robert Cooper, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3206003&lang=eng, Published 17/04/1982, Accessed 18/05/2021. e008300499.

Prime Minister Brian Mulroney sits and reads a statement after he and the provincial premiers reached an agreement in principal on constitutional grievances, after meeting at Meech Lake, April 30, 1987. Left to right Richard Hatfield N.B, Robert Bourassa Que, David Peterson Ont, John Buchanan N.S, Howard Pawley Man, Bill Vander Zalm B.C, Joe Ghiz P.E.I, Grant Devine Sask, Brian Peckford Nfld, and Don Getty Alta, Charles Mitchell, The Canadian Press, URL: https://globalnews.ca/news/1225764/newly-released-cabinet-records-show-mulroney-castigated-trudeau-over-meech-lake/, Published 30/04/1987, Accessed 13/12/2022. CP2872298.

NDP MLA Elijah Harper salutes supporters from the steps of the Manitoba Legislature after refusing to let the debate on the Meech Lake Accord go any further, Wayne Glowacki, Winnipeg Free Press Archives, URL: https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/2013/05/18/elijah-harper-the-humble-man-who-said-no, Published 22/06/1990, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Excerpt, Phil Fontaine helps orchestrate the death of Meech Lake Accord, CBC Morningside, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20170801202525/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/phil-fontaine-helps-orchestrate-the-death-of-meech-lake-accord, Published 19/06/1990, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Excerpt, Meech Lake-linked Cree leader Elijah Harper dies at 64, The Canadian Press, URL: www.ctvnews.ca/politics/meech-lake-linked-cree-leader-elijah-harper-dies-at-64-1.1286039#ixzz2vOHALakf, Published 17/05/2013, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Phil Fontaine (left) and Elijah Harper discuss the Meech Lake accord in June 1990, Gerry Cairns, Winnipeg Free Press Archives, URL: www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/He-was-the-embodiment-of-aboriginal-experiences-207989331.html, Published 19/06/1990, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Lucien Bouchard giving the opening speech at the Bloc Quebecois convention in Montreal on April 7, 1995, Pierre Roussel, Images Distribution Canada, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/imagesdistributioncanada/5661983102, Published 07/04/1995, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Map of Oka Crisis, Montreal Gazette, a division of Postmedia Network Inc, URL: https://caledoniawakeupcall.wordpress.com/2010/01/22/is-oka-round-2-about-to-erupt/, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Excerpt, Specific claims, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC), Government of Canada, URL: https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100030291/1539617582343, Published 01/12/2022, Accessed 13/12/2022.

Patrick Cloutier and Brad Larocque during Oka crisis, Shaney Komulainen, The Canadian Press, URL: https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2015/08/22/a-warrior-a-soldier-and-a-photographer-remembering-the-oka-crisis.html, Published 01/09/1990, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Excerpts, Oka Crisis, Tabitha de Bruin, updated by Andrew McIntosh, Audrey D. Doerr, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/oka-crisis, Published 11/07/2013, Accessed 16/06/2021. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Excerpts, Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance, Alanis Obomsawin, National Film Board of Canada, URL: https://www.nfb.ca/film/kanehsatake_270_years_of_resistance/, Published 1993, Accessed 16/06/2021.

Excerpt, Canada: 20 years' denial of recommendations made by the United Nations Human Rights Committee and the continuing impact on the Lubicon Cree, Amnesty International Publications, Amnesty International, URL: https://www.amnesty.ca/sites/amnesty/files/2010-03-17amr200032010en20yearsdeniallubicon.pdf, Published 03/2010, Accessed 18/05/2021. p. 12. © Amnesty International Publications.

Map: Pre-1975 Treaties of Canada, Indigenous Services Canada, Geomatics Services, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100032297/1544716489360, Published June 2022, Accessed 13/12/2022.

Excerpt, Calder Case, Tanisha Salomons/First Nations Studies Program, University of British Columbia, URL: http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/calder_case/, Published 2009, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Excerpt, Aboriginal Title, Erin Hanson/First Nations Studies Program, University of British Columbia, URL: http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/aboriginal_title/, Published 2009, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Nisga'a Agreement Fact Sheet, Nisga'a Lisims Government, URL: http://www.nisgaanation.ca/understanding-treaty, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Map: Nisga'a Final Agreement, Indigenous Services Canada, Government of Canada, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20131003112639/http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-INTER-HQ-LDC/STAGING/images-images/ldc_brief_note_img11_sm_1373391828383_eng.jpg, Accessed 18/05/2021. "Map showing the area covered in the Nisga final agreement on the Western coast of British Columbia, just south of the border of Yukon".

Idle No More (poster), Andy Everson, URL: https://rabble.ca/indigenous/four-directions-indigenous-activism/, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Why Canada’s Indigenous Uprising is About All of Us, Sarah van Gelder, YES! Magazine, URL: http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/how-cooperatives-are-driving-the-new-economy/why-canada2019s-indigenous-uprising-is-about-all-of-us, Published 07/02/2013, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Idle No More founders: Sheelah McLean, Nina Wilson, Sylvia McAdam, Jessica Gordon, Marcel Petit/m.pet productions, URL: https://idlenomore.ca/idle-no-more-is-founded-by-4-women-idle-no-more/, Published 10/11/2012, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Idle No More: Where is the movement 2 years later, Niigaan Sinclair, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/idle-no-more-where-is-the-movement-2-years-later-1.2862675, Published 07/12/2014, Accessed 18/05/2021.

G20 Toronto protests: The riot ended at Queens Park but there were little outbreaks across the downtown, Lucas Oleniuk, Toronto Star, URL: http://thestar.blogs.com/photoblog/2010/06/peaceful-beginings-violent-ending-as-g20-protests-grip-toronto.html, Published 26/06/2010, Accessed 18/05/2021.

G20 protest violence prompts over 400 arrests, Nazim Walji, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: www.cbc.ca/news/canada/g20-protest-violence-prompts-over-400-arrests-1.906583, Published 16/06/2010, Accessed 18/05/2021.

A police car burns after G20 summit protesters set fire to it in downtown Toronto, Chris Young, The Canadian Press, URL: www.cbc.ca/news/canada/g20-protest-violence-prompts-over-400-arrests-1.906583, Published 26/06/2010, Accessed 18/05/2021. CP2582347.

The fallout from Toronto’s G20 protests, John Intini, Julia Belluz, Josh Dehaas and Stephanie Findlay, Maclean's Magazine, URL: www.macleans.ca/news/canada/showdown-in-the-streets/, Published 10/07/2010, Accessed 18/05/2021. © St. Joseph Communications.

Excerpt, The logic of Occupy Wall Street for Canada, Justin Podur, Socialist Project, URL: http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-logic-of-occupy-wall-street-for-canada/27102, Published 16/10/2011, Accessed 18/05/2021. © Justin Podur, Socialist Project, 2011.

St James Park Tents ("Occupy Toronto"), Anonymous00, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_James_Park_Tents.jpg, Published 09/11/2011, Accessed 18/05/2021.

‘Supportive’ Anglican church unable to offer Occupy Toronto sanctuary, Colin Perkel, The Canadian Press, URL: https://globalnews.ca/news/179054/supportive-anglican-church-unable-to-offer-occupy-toronto-sanctuary-4/, Published 17/11/2011, Accessed 14/12/2022.

Excerpt, Black Lives Matter-Canada, Channon Oyeniran, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/black-lives-matter-canada, Published 16/12/2020, Accessed 18/05/2021. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Excerpt, Black Lives Matter Canada website, Black Lives Matter Canada, URL: www.blacklivesmatter.ca, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Frontline protestors at the BLMTO action that closed down the Allen Road in response to the murders of Jermaine Carby and Andrew Loku, Photographer: Jalani Morgan, URL: https://artmuseum.utoronto.ca/virtual-spotlight/freedom-of-assembly/, Published 2017, Accessed 18/05/2021. From the series The Sum of All Parts, 2017, Hart House Collection.

Black Lives Matter-Canada, Channon Oyeniran, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/black-lives-matter-canada, Published 16/12/2020, Accessed 18/05/2021. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca>.

Black Lives Matter protesters pause at Dundas Square in downtown Toronto, Ontario, following the deaths of Regis Korchinski-Paquet and George Floyd, Beth Baisch, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/black-lives-matter-canada, Published 2020, Accessed 18/05/2021.

Black Lives Matter Protest at Queens Park, Toronto, Ontario, funguyproductions93, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/black-lives-matter-canada, Published 05/06/2020, Accessed 18/05/2021.

WRI 161/162: Speaking American: Primary vs. Secondary Sources, Princeton University Library, URL: https://libguides.princeton.edu/c.php?g=1006760&p=7293629, Published 12/12/2022, Accessed 14/12/2022.

Chicago Notes-Bibliography Documentation Style Guide, Student Success Services, MacEwan Univerisity, URL: https://www.macewan.ca/contribute/groups/public/@web/@src/@wls/documents/document/pfw_001503.pdf, Published 2019, Accessed 31/05/2021. Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), 17th edition, published in 2017.