Some images supplied by Getty Images. Other images, graphs, diagrams, and illustrations in this course, unless otherwise specified, are ILC created.
Ontario 1983 sample license plate photo, PAPL8S, Government of Ontario, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Ontario, Published 20/04/2014, Accessed 04/01/2019.
Ontario 1986 sample license plate photo, PAPL8S, Government of Ontario, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Ontario, Published 20/04/2014, Accessed 04/01/2019.
Ontario 1996 license plate, JaSte, Government of Ontario, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Ontario, Published 26/04/2011, Accessed 04/01/2019.
Vehicle plate Ontario, Government of Ontario, Government of Ontario, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Ontario, Published 20/08/2010, Accessed 04/01/2019.
Mr. Robot, "eps1.0_hellofriend.mov," Anonymous Content, Universal Content Productions, NBCUniversal Television Distribution, USA Network, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o28LVrm3HkU, Original Air Date 24/06/2015, Accessed 04/01/2019.
Passing the relay baton, © william87/Dollar Photo Club.
Ice cream cone with two scoops, © BillionPhotos.com/Dollar Photo Club.
Woman withdrawing cash from bank machine, © Andrey_Arkusha/Dollar Photo Club.
Woman withdrawing even more cash from bank machine, © Andrey_Arkusha/Dollar Photo Club.
Blaise Pascal, © Juulijs/Dollar Photo Club.
Manhattan map from 1915, © Sergey Kamshylin/Dollar Photo Club.
PC 12 Lesson 7.5 Pathway Problems, Phil Stringer, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDo8g7XaohE, Published 30/04/2014, Accessed 20/10/2022.
Permutations Counting the Number of Paths Through a Grid, Al Richards, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHxFK-CaMNE, Published 02/03/2021, Accessed 18/10/2022.
Man playing checkers with his son, © WavebreakmediaMicro/Dollar Photo Club.
Red apple, © Mariusz Blach/Dollar Photo Club.
Kids jumping, © verkoka/Dollar Photo Club.
Smiling business team in a circle with heads together, © WavebreakmediaMicro/Dollar Photo Club.
Business woman showing four fingers, © tolgatezcan/Dollar Photo Club.
Venn Diagrams and Set Notation, Al Richards, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lv6A5_8lHt8, Published 24/10/2013, Accessed 15/11/2022.
Pair of dice, © tolgatezcan/Dollar Photo Club.
Red dice, © ijalin/Dollar Photo Club.
Coin toss, © W.Scott/Dollar Photo Club.
Rock Paper Scissors, © alswart/Dollar Photo Club.
Coin flip, © grey/Dollar Photo Club.
Traffic light displaying green, © Two Brains Studios/Dollar Photo Club.
Right or left path, Harry Huber, iStock.
Poem: The Road not Taken, Robert Frost, URL: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44272/the-road-not-taken.
Defective Ontario plate front (license plate), Denis Vermeirre, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Defective_Ontario_Plate_Front.jpg, Published 09/09/2015, Accessed 06/06/2017. © Denis Vermeirre/Wikimedia. Granted under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.
Installing new lawn, © Mariusz Blach/Dollar Photo Club.
City Hall, © marls/Dollar Photo Club.
Grilled half chicken barbecue on a wooden surface, © koss13/Dollar Photo Club.
Salmon with spinach, © Tiramisu Studio/Dollar Photo Club.
Fusilli with peas and chicken, © ivanmateev/Dollar Photo Club.
Plated food at a fine dining restaurant, © Andrea Veneziano/Dollar Photo Club.
Hand with three aces, © Nikolai Sorokin/Dollar Photo Club.
Ice hockey, goal, © RobertNyholm/Dollar Photo Club.
Black and white dominoes, © Alta Oosthuizen/Dollar Photo Club.
Cooler box on the grass, © moisseyev/Dollar Photo Club.
Construction workers, © Andreas Karelias/Dollar Photo Club.
Community swimming pool, © Cheryl Casey/Dollar Photo Club.
Sunset tornado, © James Thew/Dollar Photo Club.
A satisfaction survey, © Marzky Ragsac Jr./Dollar Photo Club.
Yellow ladybird, © Francesco De Paoli/Dollar Photo Club.
Reliable concept, © tashatuvango/Dollar Photo Club.
Social Media Platforms Used by Teens in Canada, based on Insider Intelligence, https://www.insiderintelligence.com/chart/236882/social-media-platforms-used-by-teens-vs-adults-canada-march-2020-of-respondents, Published 07/05/2020, Accessed 08/11/2022, Data is from the May 2020 MTM Junior and CBC/Radio Canada study titled "Sneak Peek 2020" conducted by Ad Hoc Research, May 7, 2020.
Cement mixer truck, © Dmitriy Sladkov/Dollar Photo Club.
Canada's Unemployment Rate from April 2017 to March 2018, based on Trading Economics, https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/unemployment-rate, Accessed 08/11/2022, Data is from Statistics Canada.
Caffeine content, Harvard Health Publishing, URL: https://www.health.harvard.edu/healthbeat/what-is-it-about-coffee, Published 2012, Accessed 02/01/2019. © 2010 - 2019 Harvard University. All rights reserved.
Student in library, © anyaberkut/Dollar Photo Club.
Statistics Canada. 2017. Ontario [Province] and Canada [Country] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed January 3, 2019).
Statistics Canada. 2017. Ontario [Province] and Canada [Country] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed January 3, 2019).
Global Average Temperature Vs. Pirates, based on Ky Harlin, BuzzFeed, Inc, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kjh2110/the-10-most-bizarre-correlations#.btle3M7K5, Published 03/11/2013, Accessed 01/12/2022. Statistical chart derived from: Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, www.verganza.org. https://www.venganza.org/piratesarecool4.gif.
Total US Highway Fatality Rate Vs. Fresh Lemons Imported from Mexico, based on Ky Harlin, BuzzFeed, Inc, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kjh2110/the-10-most-bizarre-correlations#.btle3M7K5, Published 03/11/2013, Accessed 01/12/2022. Statistical chart derived from: The Trouble with QSAR (or How I Learned To Stop Worrying and Embrace Fallacy), Stephen R. Johnson*, Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 2008 48 (1), 25-26, DOI: 10.1021/ci700332k, Sources: US NHTSA, DOT HS 810 780, US Department of Agriculture.
Bamboo forest, blew-i, Getty images, URL: https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/photo/bamboo-forest-royalty-free-image/538461112.
Civil Engineering PhDs vs. Consumption of Mozzarella Cheese, based on SPCforExcel, BPI Consulting, LLC, https://www.spcforexcel.com/knowledge/basic-statistics/just-because-there-is-a-correlation, Published 11/2016, Accessed 02/12/2022. Adapted from Spurious Correlations, Tyler Vigen, https://www.tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations. Data sources: US Department of Agriculture, National Science Foundation.
TI-Nspire calculator. Courtesy of Texas Instruments.
Canada 1970, adapted from PopulationPyramid.net, https://www.populationpyramid.net/canada/1970/, made available under a Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0 IGO: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. Data source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision.
Canada 1990, adapted from PopulationPyramid.net, https://www.populationpyramid.net/canada/1990/, made available under a Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0 IGO: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. Data source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision.
Canada 2010, adapted from PopulationPyramid.net, https://www.populationpyramid.net/canada/2010/, made available under a Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0 IGO: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. Data source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision.
Canada 2020, adapted from PopulationPyramid.net, https://www.populationpyramid.net/canada/2020/, made available under a Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0 IGO: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. Data source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision.
Statistics Canada. Table 17-10-0005-01 Population estimates on July 1st, by age and sex, DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/1710000501-eng.
Predicting the growth up to 2035 example, based on statistics derived from: Statistics Canada: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000501.
Health Care Costs Per Capita, 1975-2010 based on Table A.1: Total Health Expenditure, Canada, 1975 to 2012 - Summary, Canadian Institute for Health Information, URL: https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/NHEXTrendsReport2012EN.pdf, Accessed 06/07/2017. Excerpt from National Health Expenditure Trends, 1975 to 2012 (Ottawa, Ont.: CIHI, 2012), p. 114.
Health Care Costs, 1975-2010 based on Table A.2.5: Total Health Expenditure by Source of Finance, Canada, 1975 to 2012 - Constant Dollars, Canadian Institute for Health Information, URL: https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/NHEXTrendsReport2012EN.pdf, Published 30/10/2012, Accessed 06/07/2017. Excerpt from National Health Expenditure Trends, 1975 to 2012 (Ottawa, Ont.: CIHI, 2012), p. 119.
Health Care Costs, 1975-2010 based on Table A.2.5: Total Health Expenditure by Source of Finance, Canada, 1975 to 2012 - Constant Dollars, Canadian Institute for Health Information, URL: https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/NHEXTrendsReport2012EN.pdf, Published 30/10/2012, Accessed 06/07/2017. Excerpt from National Health Expenditure Trends, 1975 to 2012 (Ottawa, Ont.: CIHI, 2012), p. 119.
Civil Engineering PhDs vs. Consumption of Mozzarella Cheese, based on SPCforExcel, BPI Consulting, LLC, https://www.spcforexcel.com/knowledge/basic-statistics/just-because-there-is-a-correlation, Published 11/2016, Accessed 02/12/2022. Adapted from Spurious Correlations, Tyler Vigen, https://www.tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations. Data sources: US Department of Agriculture, National Science Foundation.
Gelati ice cream cone, Instagram style, © THPStock/Dollar Photo Club.
Crowded beach in Portugal, © Mauro Rodrigues/Dollar Photo Club.
Woman with shopping bags in mall, © Monkey Business/Dollar Photo Club.
Screengrab: Plinko Probability Introduction, PhET Interactive Simulations, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/plinko-probability/latest/plinko-probability_en.html, Accessed 15/01/2019. PhET Interactive Simulations University of Colorado Boulder https://phet.colorado.edu.
Screengrab: Plinko Probability: Distribution of balls, PhET Interactive Simulations, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/plinko-probability/latest/plinko-probability_en.html, Accessed 15/01/2019. PhET Interactive Simulations University of Colorado Boulder https://phet.colorado.edu.
Screengrab: Plinko Probability: Lab, PhET Interactive Simulations, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/plinko-probability/latest/plinko-probability_en.html, Accessed 15/01/2019. PhET Interactive Simulations University of Colorado Boulder https://phet.colorado.edu.
Screengrab: Plinko Probability: Graph, PhET Interactive Simulations, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/plinko-probability/latest/plinko-probability_en.html, Accessed 15/01/2019. PhET Interactive Simulations University of Colorado Boulder https://phet.colorado.edu.
Table of standard normal probabilities for positive Z-scores, based on T Table, http://www.ttable.org/z-score-table.html.
Table of standard normal probabilities for negative Z-scores, , based on T Table, http://www.ttable.org/z-score-table.html.
Screngrab: Plinko simulation, PhET Interactive Simulations, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/plinko-probability/latest/plinko-probability_en.html, Accessed 15/01/2019. PhET Interactive Simulations University of Colorado Boulder https://phet.colorado.edu.
The McDonald's Coffee Case, Darryl S. Weiman, M.D, J.D, URL: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-mcdonalds-coffee-case_b_14002362, Published Sat Jun 30 2018 20:00:00 GMT-0400 (Eastern Daylight Time).
Black bear, unknown, CT Mirror, URL: https://trendct.org/category/animals/, Published 22/03/2016, Accessed 04/01/2019. © Copyright 2019, CT Mirror.
Table of standard normal probabilities for positive Z-scores, T Table, URL: http://www.ttable.org/z-score-table.html, Accessed 08/04/2019.
Table of standard normal probabilities for negative Z-scores, T Table, URL: http://www.ttable.org/z-score-table.html, Accessed 08/04/2019.