NDA3M Acknowledgements

Some images supplied by Getty Images. Other images, graphs, diagrams, and illustrations in this course, unless otherwise specified, are TVO created.

Unit 1

Formulate Questions, adapted from: Jennifer Wyatt and Jill Colyer, IQ: A Practical Guide to Inquiry-Based Learning, 2014, Oxford University Press.

Citizenship Education Framework image, Curriculum and Resources, Ontario Ministry of Education, © Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2020-21, URL: https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com/fbd574c4-da36-0066-a0c5-849ffb2de96e/971c24aa-848f-4a2a-a245-8e1043ad6ec7/CitizenshipEducationFramework.pdf, Published 2019, Accessed 15/10/2021. Source: First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies, Citizenship Education in the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies Curriculum.

Citizenship Education Framework document, Curriculum and Resources, Ontario Ministry of Education, © Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2020-21, URL: https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com/fbd574c4-da36-0066-a0c5-849ffb2de96e/971c24aa-848f-4a2a-a245-8e1043ad6ec7/CitizenshipEducationFramework.pdf, Published 2019, Accessed 27/01/2022. Source: First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies, Citizenship Education in the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies Curriculum.

Six elements of Indigenous relationship with world, TVO, OECA, Published 2015, Accessed 19/10/2021. Adapted from: Essential Understandings, Ontario Ministry of Education.

About the Métis Nation, Métis Nation - Saskatchewan, URL: https://metisnationsk.com/about-metis/, Accessed 14/03/2023.

Political Thinking Poster, Ontario History and Social Science Teachers’ Association – Association des enseignants et des enseignantes de sciences humaines de l’Ontario, URL: https://ohassta-aesho.education/learning-resources/, Published 2013, Accessed 07/10/2021.

Formulate Questions, adapted from: Jennifer Wyatt and Jill Colyer, IQ: A Practical Guide to Inquiry-Based Learning, 2014, Oxford University Press.

Douglas Sinclair - Everything Around You Is Ceremony, FNMIEAO, URL: https://vimeo.com/292613988?embedded=true&source=vimeo_logo&owner=11983406, Published 2018, Accessed 23/12/2021.

Sandra Indian - Connection to the Land, FNMIEAO, URL: https://vimeo.com/292610300?embedded=true&source=vimeo_logo&owner=11983406, Published 2018, Accessed 23/12/2021.

Theory: Learning with the Natural World, June Kaminski, First Nations Pedegogy, URL: https://firstnationspedagogy.com/earth.html, Published 2013, Accessed 15/10/2021.

Social Ecological Model, Frank Brown and Y. Kathy Brown (compilers), Staying the Course, Staying Alive - Coastal First Nations Fundamental Truths: Biodiversity, Stewardship and Sustainability. Biodiversity BC, Victoria, BC, URL: http://www.biodiversitybc.org/assets/Default/BBC_Staying_the_Course_Web.pdf, Published 2009, Accessed 15/10/2021.

Aboriginal Peoples Contributions to Place Names in Canada, Peter Shore, Moneca Sinclair, Karen Forman, Kali Storm, University of Manitoba, Indigenous Student Centre, URL: https://umanitoba.ca/student/indigenous/media/24_Place_Names.pdf, Published 2008, Accessed 15/10/2021.

Turtle Island Map, from 4 Seasons of Reconciliation, Productions Cazabon & First Nations University of Canada, © Reconcilation Education, URL: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/562e7f2ae4b018ac41a6e050/t/5a90fd8d652dea92f98d129c/1519451536578/TurtleIsland_Map.pdf, Published 2017, Accessed 15/10/2021.

Six Major Cultural Groups Map, adapted from The Canadian Atlas, Canadian Geographic, URL: http://www.canadiangeographic.com/atlas/themes.aspx?id=FIRST&sub=FIRST_CULTURES_PLAINS&lang=En.

First Nations & Inuit Traditional Names & Locations Map, Aaron R. Carapella, Tribal Nations Maps, URL: https://indigenouspeoplesresources.com/collections/first-nations-maps/products/first-nations-inuit-tribal-topographical-map-poster-wall-art, Accessed 25/10/2021.

Honour Water, Christi Belcourt, URL: http://christibelcourt.com/water/honour-water/, Published 15/09/2014, Accessed 20/10/2021.

Wenhnitaronnyon Moon Calendar, Revitalizing Our Sustenance Project, URL: https://www.revitalizingoursustenance.com/2022.html, Accessed 06/03/2023.

The Power of Indigenous Kinship, Tanya Talaga, The Walrus, URL: https://thewalrus.ca/the-power-of-indigenous-kinship/, Published 21/12/2018, Accessed 15/10/2021.

Métis Kinship Connections Map, Métis Provincial Council of British Columbia, Published 2017, Accessed 09/02/2023. Courtesy of MNBC.

Métis Kinship Connections text, Métis Provincial Council of British Columbia, Published 2017, Accessed 09/02/2023. Courtesy of MNBC.

MNBC Logo, Published 2017, Accessed 09/02/2023. Courtesy of MNBC.

Kaa-wiichihitoyaahk: Métis Perspectives on Cultural Wellness, Métis Provincial Council of British Columbia, Published 2021, Accessed 08/02/2023. Courtesy of MNBC.

How Inuit honour the tradition of naming, and spirits who have passed on, Katherine Barton, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/inuit-names-tradition-culture-history-1.5748892, Published 05/10/2020, Accessed 15/10/2021.

An Inuit family in 1942 in Kinngait (then Cape Dorset), Nunavut, Archibald Fleming, NWT Archives, URL: https://gnwt.accesstomemory.org/n-1979-050-0337, Published ca. 1942, Accessed 15/10/2021. Archibald Fleming fonds/N-1979-050-0337.

Millie Kuliktana, Millie Kuliktana/Facebook, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/inuit-names-tradition-culture-history-1.5748892, Accessed 15/10/2021.

Mary Mariq, grandson Soloman and Vera Akomalik, Thelon River Camp, T. Macintosh, URL: http://inuuqatigiit.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Part2_InuuqatigiitCurriculum.pdf, Accessed 15/10/2021. Source: Inuuqatigiit, The Curriculum from the Inuit Perspective, Northwest Territories Education, Culture and Employment, August 1996.

Inuit family in the Coronation Gulf, Archibald Fleming, NWT Archives, URL: https://gnwt.accesstomemory.org/n-1979-050-1231, Published ca. 1922, Accessed 15/10/2021. Archibald Fleming fonds/N-1979-050-1231.

Saa Pitsiulak, Inuktitut Language Program Officer, Michael Salomonie, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/inuit-names-tradition-culture-history-1.5748892, Accessed 15/10/2021.

Inuktitut symbols in a Nunavut classroom, Claudiane Samson, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/inuit-names-tradition-culture-history-1.5748892, Accessed 15/10/2021.

Inuit family outside igloo [Left to Right: possibly Naikak, Noanikhok and Nokadlak], S.J. Bailey, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3229888&lang=eng, Published 1950, Accessed 28/10/2021. Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development fonds/a167669-v6.

At the Winter Sea Ice Camp: Part 2, Director: Quentin Brown, © National Film Board of Canada, URL: https://www.nfb.ca/film/at_winter_sea_ice_camp_pt_2, Published 1967, Accessed 12/09/2021.

Children of Mr. Angus McKay, Indian agent, Joseph Burr Tyrrell, Library and Archives Canada, URL: https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/CollectionSearch/Pages/record.aspx?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3218918, Published 1890, Accessed 12/09/2021. Geological Survey of Canada/Library and Archives Canada/PA-050905.

The Clan System, Isaac Day-Murdoch, Kenjgewin Teg, URL: https://www.kenjgewinteg.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/indigenous_knowledge_volume1__print_version_.pdf, Published 2013, Accessed 20/10/2021. Source: Indigenous Knowledge & Our Connection to the Land: Wisdom Shared.

Q-chart Framework, TVO, OECA, Accessed 22/11/2022. Adapted from Toronto District School Board (n.d.) Untitled Q-chart: http://www2.tdsb.on.ca/libraries/library_files/5530/Q%20Chart.pdf.

New Beginnings, Christi Belcourt and Isaac Murdoch, URL: https://mackenzie.art/experience/exhibition/uprising-the-power-of-mother-earth-christi-belcourt/, Published 2014, Accessed 23/11/2021.

Métis Camp on the Plains, possibly near Milk River Lake, Alberta, Unknown photographer, Library and Archives Canada, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/lac-bac/24418631431/, Published ca. 1872–1873, Accessed 20/10/2021. Royal Engineers. Library and Archives Canada, e011156514, Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/.

At Elbow of North Saskatchewan (River) [A red river cart], Charles Horetzky (1840-1900), Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3206497&lang=eng, Published September, 1871, Accessed 20/10/2021. PA-138573.

Log hut - Métis Settlement, Wood Mountain, Sask. 22 miles North of Boundary and 416 miles of Red River, Unknown photographer, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3248542&lang=eng, Published June-Aug. 1874, Accessed 20/10/2021. C-081781.

Beaver women at Moberly Lake, British Columbia, Glenbow Library and Archives, URL: https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1ODKI9K?WS=PackagePres, Published ca. 1899, Accessed 20/10/2021. (CU194193). Libraries and Cultural Resources Digital Collections, University of Calgary.

Anishinaabe Chi-Naaknigewin and the Anishinabek Nation Government, Union of Ontario Indians, URL: https://www.anishinabek.ca/governance/anishinaabe-chi-naaknigewin/, Published 2020, Accessed 10/11/2022.

Anishinaabe Dodemaag (the “Clan System”), from Traditional Governance, Anishinaabe Governance, Anishinanbek Nation Restoration of Jurisdiction, URL: https://www.governancevote.ca/traditional-governance/, Published 2021, Accessed 21/10/2021.

Reproduction of the Hiawatha Belt, Richard D. Hamell, URL: https://www.wampumbear.com/W_Hiawatha%20Belt.html, Accessed 20/10/2021.

Haudenosaunee Guide for Educators, National Museum of the American Indian George Gustav Heye Center, Smithsonian Insitute, URL: https://americanindian.si.edu/sites/1/files/pdf/education/HaudenosauneeGuide.pdf, Published 2009, Accessed 14/03/2023.

Circle Wampum: Rotinonhshonni Teiotiokwaonhaston, Indian Time Newspaper, URL: https://www.indiantime.net/story/2015/02/26/culture/circle-wampum-rotinonhshonni-teiotiokwaonhaston/16968.html, Published 26/02/2015, Accessed 20/10/2021.

Two Spirit, OUTSaskatoon, URL: https://www.outsaskatoon.ca/two_spirit1, Published 2021, Accessed 21/10/2021.

Osh-Tisch and their spouse, John H. Fouch/F.A. Rinehart, Smithsonian Insitute, URL: https://www.kqed.org/arts/13845330/5-two-spirit-heroes-who-paved-the-way-for-todays-native-lgbtq-community, Accessed 21/10/2021.

Definition of "settler", Chelsea Vowel, Portage & Main Press, URL: Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Issues in Canada, Published 2016, Accessed 21/10/2021.

A reproduction of the Dish with One Spoon wampum belt, Richard D. Hamell, URL: http://individual.utoronto.ca/hayes/indigenous/indigenous7_first_contact.html, Published 2010, Accessed 21/10/2021.

Two Row Wampum – Gä•sweñta’, Onondaga Nation, URL: http://www.onondaganation.org/culture/wampum/two-row-wampum-belt-guswenta/, Accessed 28/10/2021.

Treaty Relations and Two Row Companion - Conversations in Cultural Fluency #5, Deyohaha:ge - Six Nations Polytechnic, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwTIjDzodi4, Published 29/01/2016, Accessed 27/10/2021. Series: Conversations in Cultural Fluency #5.

Printed Proclamation for the Treaty of 1752, Crown copyright © 2021, Province of Nova Scotia, URL: https://archives.novascotia.ca/mikmaq/archives/?ID=2, Published 1752, Accessed 21/10/2021. Peace and Friendship Treaties, Nova Scotia Archives RG 1 Vol. 430 No. 2.

We Are All Treaty People, Millbrook First Nation, Province of Nova Scotia, Mi'kmaw Kina'matnewey, © Province of Nova Scotia, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TePIVr2bgCY, Published 09/01/2019, Accessed 01/12/2021.

Q-chart Framework, TVO, OECA, Accessed 22/11/2022. Adapted from Toronto District School Board (n.d.) Untitled Q-chart: http://www2.tdsb.on.ca/libraries/library_files/5530/Q%20Chart.pdf.

Unit 2

Portret van Paus Nicolas V, Peter Paul Rubens, Collectie Stad Antwerpen, Museum Plantin-Moretus, URL: https://dams.antwerpen.be/asset/kehZTNeHYEVWXHPNPdO6pM5f, Published ca. 1612-1616, Accessed 22/10/2021. MPM.V.IV.066, photo: Michel Wuyts.

Excerpt, The Bull Romanus Pontifex (Nicholas V), English Translation, Nicolas V, URL: https://www.papalencyclicals.net/nichol05/romanus-pontifex.htm, Published 08/01/1455, Accessed 19/10/2021. Source: European Treaties bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648, Frances Gardiner Davenport, editor, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1917, Washington, D.C, at pp. 20-26.

Landing of Columbus, Art: John Vanderlyn, Image: Architect of the Capital, Government of the United States, URL: https://www.aoc.gov/art/historic-rotunda-paintings/landing-columbus, Published 1847, Accessed 22/10/2021.

Doctrine of Discovery, Tree Media, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3gF7ULVrl4, Published 16/09/2015, Accessed 22/10/2021. © Tree Media. www.treemedia.com.

Population Collapse, Our History, Our Health, First Nations Health Authority, URL: https://www.fnha.ca:443/wellness/wellness-for-first-nations/our-history-our-health, Accessed 28/10/2021.

Comic: What is Colonialism?, Zig Zag (Gord Hill), Warrior Publications, URL: https://warriorpublications.wordpress.com/2014/10/31/comic-what-is-colonialism/, Published 31/10/2014, Accessed 21/10/2021.

Definition of "Capitalism", Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, URL: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/capitalism, Accessed 22/10/2021.

At the portage: Hudson's Bay Company's employees on their annual expedition, H.A. Ogden, Getty Images, URL: ttps://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/news-photo/colorized-engraving-shows-activity-at-a-hudsons-bay-company-news-photo/71630687, Published 1882, Accessed 22/10/2021.

Working a canoe up a rapid, W.H. Bartlett, Biblioteque et Archives nationales du Quebec, URL: https://collections.banq.qc.ca/ark:/52327/1996293, Published 1842, Accessed 22/10/2021. London :Geo. Virtue,[1840].

Canoe Manned by Voyageurs Passing a Waterfall, Ontario, Frances Anne Hopkins, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=2894475&lang=eng, Published 1869, Accessed 22/10/2021. Acc. No. 1989-401-1/e011153912.

JOHN JACOB ASTOR (1763-1848). American fur trader and financier. Astor's first fur-buying expedition up the Hudson Valley, c1787. Engraving, 19th century. Wood engraving, 19th century, Sarin Images, Granger Historical Picture Archive, URL: https://www.granger.com/results.asp?image=0008548&itemw=4&itemf=0001&itemstep=1&itemx=29, Published ca. 1787, Accessed 24/10/2022.

Canada: Fur Trade. Native Americans and voyageurs in 17th century Montreal. Color engraving, after Frederic Remington, Sarin Images, Granger Historical Picture Archive, URL: https://www.granger.com/results.asp?image=0008583&itemw=4&itemf=0002&itemstep=1&itemx=1, Published 1891, Accessed 24/10/2022.

CANADA: FUR TRADERS, 1777. Fur traders and Native Americans. Line engraving after a detail from Gauthier and Faden's 'Map of Canada,' 1777, Sarin Images, Granger Historical Picture Archive, URL: https://www.granger.com/results.asp?image=0008612&itemw=4&itemf=0002&itemstep=1&itemx=1, Published 1777, Accessed 24/10/2022.

Colin Fraser, trader at Fort Chipewyan, sorting his black fox pelts from his lot of 35,000 dollars worth of fur, Unknown photographer, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3371698&lang=eng, Published ca. 1890-1900, Accessed 25/10/2021. Ernest Brown fonds/e011303100-012_s1.

Man smoking and holding up arctic fox fur pelts, Rosemary Gilliat Eaton, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=5080779&lang=eng, Published ca. 1956-1960, Accessed 25/10/2021. Rosemary Gilliat Eaton fonds/Library and Archives Canada/e010836177.

Fur traders wait for their furs to be marked, Bud Glunz, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=4310119&lang=eng, Published January, 1946, Accessed 25/10/2021. National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque/Library and Archives Canada.

Indigenous individual trading fur for a gun, Unknown photographer, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3193388&lang=eng, Published ca. 1920-1925, Accessed 25/10/2021. C-038173.

Indigenous Trade Networks Thrived Long Before the Arrival of Europeans, Bob Joseph, Indigenous Corporate Training Inc, URL: https://www.ictinc.ca/blog/indigenous-trade-networks-thrived-long-before-the-arrival-of-europeans, Published 05/07/2017, Accessed 08/11/2021.

Wendat Homeland: Wendake, circa 1634, Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association (PVMA) / Memorial Hall Museum, URL: http://www.1704.deerfield.history.museum/maps/home_wen.html, Accessed 26/10/2021. Source: Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15: Northeast, Bruce Trigger, ed, 1978.

George R, Proclamation, 7 October 1763, reprinted in Indigenous Foundations, University of British Columbia (UBC). Retrieved from: https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/royal_proclamation_1763/.

The British colonies in North America, 1763-1775 [map], William R. Shepherd, New York: Henry Holt and Company, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shepherd_-_The_British_colonies_in_North_America,_1763-1775_in_Historical_Atlas,_1911.xcf, Published 1911, Accessed 26/10/2021.

Peace and Friendship Treaty prepared by Thomas B. Akins, Commissioner of Public Records, Halifax, in 1886, Library and Archives Canada, URL: https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/aboriginal-heritage/020016-3106-e.html, Published 1886, Accessed 26/10/2021. Source: Manuscript "true copy" prepared from Peace Treaty IT 346 negotiated 1725-1728 - http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3983560&lang=eng.

Historic Treaties and Treaty First Nations in Canada Infographic, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1380223988016/1544125243779, Published 07/11/2013, Accessed 26/10/2021. QS-6333-000-EE-A1. © Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, Government of Canada. www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca.

James Bay Treaty (Treaty No. 9), Government of Canada and Government of the province of Ontario, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Bay_Treaty.jpg, Published 1905, Accessed 26/10/2021. Archives of Ontario #F 775, (1905) Item 13.

Treaties & Cultural Change – What Are the Treaties? Two Different Views, Canada's First Peoples, Goldi Productions, URL: https://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_treaties/fp_treaties_two_views.html, Published 2007, Accessed 28/10/2021. © Goldi Productions Ltd.

Prince Arthur, the son of Queen Victoria, at the Mohawk Chapel in Brantford, Ontario, with the Chiefs of the Six Nations, Unknown photographer, Archives of Ontario, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Arthur_Mohawk_Chapel_Canada_1869.jpg, Published 1869, Accessed 26/10/2021. Archives of Ontario reference number S 895.

Confederation – Canada Becomes a Country, OTF/FEO, URL: https://www.otffeo.on.ca/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/12/History-Grade-8-Part-2.pdf, Accessed 26/10/2021. Source: OTF It's About Time Resource: Grade 8 History Teacher's Guide Confederation.

The Fathers of Confederation, Rex Woods, House of Commons-Chambre Des Communes Canada, URL: https://www.ourcommons.ca/About/HistoryArtsArchitecture/fine_arts/historical/609-e.htm, Published 1968, Accessed 26/10/2021. Catalogue no.: O-609.

Excerpt, Federal power and federal duty: Reconciling sections 91(24) and 35(1) of the Canadian Constitution, Brian Bird, Institute for Research on Public Policy, URL: https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/afghanistan/federal-power-and-federal-duty-reconciling-sections-9124-and-351-of-the-canadian-constitution/, Published 01/11/2010, Accessed 28/10/2021. Source: Policy Options.

Excerpt, First Nation poverty has historical context, Josh Greschner, SaskToday, URL: https://www.sasktoday.ca/north/local-news/first-nation-poverty-has-historical-context-4124724#:%7E:text=%E2%80%9COur%20Indian%20legislation%20generally%20rests,Department%20of%20Indian%20Affairs%20report, Published 19/09/2018, Accessed 28/10/2021. Source of quote: 1876 Department of Indian Affairs report, as quoted in "Indian Status", by Karrmen Crey and Erin Hanson: https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/indian_status/.

Excerpt, Canada’s Dark Side: Indigenous Peoples and Canada’s 150th Celebration, Susan Neylan, Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective, URL: https://origins.osu.edu/article/canada-s-dark-side-indigenous-peoples-and-canada-s-150th-celebration, Published June 2018, Accessed 26/10/2021. Vol. 11, Issue 9.

Conference at Québec in 1864, to settle the basics of a union of the British North American Provinces. Copy of a painting by Robert Harris, 1885, Photographer: James Ashfield, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194982&lang=eng, Published 1885, Accessed 26/10/2021. C-001855.

Montreal 375 years of colonisation, Ingrid Cold, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/fredisonfire/36387525572/in/photostream/, Published 13/08/2017, Accessed 27/10/2021.

Canadian provinces evolution gif, Golbez, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif, Published 15/07/2009, Accessed 29/10/2021.

Indigenous peoples of North America, Population Density and Territories, Fährtenleser, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Indigenous-peoples-of-North-America,-Population-Density-and-Territories.png, Published 18/12/2016, Accessed 29/10/2021.

First Nation Control over North America about 1600 AD, Albert Gallatin, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_Nation_Control_over_North_America_about_1600_AD.jpg, Published 1836, Accessed 28/10/2021. Source: Archaeologia Americana. Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society. Vol II. Cambridge: Printed For The Society, At The University Press.

A group of Chehalis First Nations, Unknown photographer, Kilby Historic Site Archives, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:975.008.025_First_Nations.JPG, Published 1910, Accessed 29/10/2021.

Unidentified Métis posed in front of a building at Dufferin, George M. Dawson, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3248454&lang=eng, Published ca. 1873-1874, Accessed 29/10/2021. C-079636.

An Inuit family, George R. King, National Geographic Society, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eskimo_Family_NGM-v31-p564.jpg, Published 1917, Accessed 29/10/2021. Source: National Geographic Magazine, Volume 31, p. 564.

David Laird explaining terms of Treaty 8 at Fort Vermilion, Glenbow Archives, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:David_Laird_explaining_Treaty_8_Fort_Vermilion_1899_-_NA-949-34.jpg, Published 1899, Accessed 29/10/2021.

Their Majesties greet chieftains of the Stoney Indian Tribe, who have brought a photo of Queen Victoria, Unknown photographer, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3592436&lang=eng, Published 26/05/1939, Accessed 29/10/2021. PA-131185.

The Covenant Chain Wampum presented by Sir William Johnson at the conclusion of the Council of Niagara. This replica was commissioned by Nathan Tidridge and created by Ken Maracle of the Seneca Nation, Tidridge/Wikimedia Commons, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Covenant_Chain_Wampum.jpg, Published 04/04/2016, Accessed 29/10/2021.

Numbered Treaties Map, Original map of Canada: Yug, Modifications made by Themightquill, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Numbered-Treaties-Map.svg, Published 26/03/2011, Accessed 29/10/2021.

Land Ticket poster, Canadian Pacific Railroad Company, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Land_Ticket.jpg, Published 1883, Accessed 27/10/2021.

Notice: This is an Indian reserve sign in the Canadian Museum of History, peta_azak, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/thepha/36126119492/in/photostream/, Published 28/06/2017, Accessed 27/10/2021. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 2.0 Generic (CC BY-ND 2.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/.

Klallam People at Port Townsend, James Gilchrist Swan, Yale University, URL: https://origins.osu.edu/article/canada-s-dark-side-indigenous-peoples-and-canada-s-150th-celebration, Published May 1859, Accessed 27/10/2021. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (Bibliographic Record Number 2003195).

The Walas'axa, Wilhelm Kuhnert, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Walas%27axa_(Kuhnert).jpg, Published 1897, Accessed 27/10/2021. Source: Plate 36, Franz Boas, The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians.

Flag of Natuaqanek (Eel Ground) First Nation, New Brunswick, Himasaram, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Aboriginal_peoples_of_Canada#/media/File:Flag_of_Eel_Ground_First_Nation.svg, Published 01/10/2006, Accessed 01/11/2021.

Flag of Nisga'a Nation, Walden69, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bandera_Nis%27ga_Nation.png, Published 14/01/2006, Accessed 01/11/2021.

Flag of Iroquois Confederacy, Himasaram, Zscout370, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy.svg, Published 16/08/2005, Accessed 01/11/2021.

Flag of Mikmaq State Flag, Himasaram, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mikmaq_State_Flag.svg, Published 01/11/2006, Accessed 01/11/2021.

Flag of Temegama Ojibwa Nation, Walden69, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Temagama_Ojibwa.png, Published 26/01/2006, Accessed 01/11/2021.

Flag of Shishalh Nation, Walden69, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bandera_Sechelt.png, Published 19/02/2006, Accessed 01/11/2021.

Dr. Duncan Campbell Scott, Yousuf Karsh, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3192080&lang=eng, Published 16/09/1933, Accessed 27/10/2021. PA-165842/e010752290.

General Richard Henry Pratt and student, U.S. Military Institute, U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States Government, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:General_Pratt_and_student.png, Published ca. 1880, Accessed 27/10/2021.

Excerpt, Residential Schools, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/residential-schools, Accessed 26/10/2021.

Excerpt, About Indian status, Indigenous Services Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1100100032463/1572459644986, Published 25/02/2022, Accessed 04/11/2022.

21 Things You May Not Have Known About the Indian Act, Bob Joseph, Indigenous Corporate Training Inc, URL: https://www.ictinc.ca/blog/21-things-you-may-not-have-known-about-the-indian-act-, Published 02/06/2015, Accessed 08/11/2021.

Reserve pass issued to Proper John Simookeesick of One Arrow Reserve to go hunting big game for two weeks, Department of Indian & Northern Affairs, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/s-e19-36_pass98.jpg, Published September 1934, Accessed 01/11/2021. PAS, S-E19. File 36. Duck Lake Agency. Requests to Leave Reserve, 1931-1934.

Indian Affairs Branch Permit to Sell, Department of Indian & Northern Affairs, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.thestar.com/content/dam/thestar/news/canada/2016/01/10/the-pass-system-explores-dark-chapter-in-canadian-history/passsystem.jpg, Published June 1969, Accessed 01/11/2021.

Excerpt, Bands - Structure, First Nations & Indigenous Studies, The University of British Columbia, URL: https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/bands/, Accessed 26/10/2021.

Selling the Prairie Good Life, Graham Chandler, Canada's History Society, URL: https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/settlement-immigration/selling-the-prairie-good-life, Published 07/09/2016, Accessed 27/10/2021. Article orginally appeared in The Beaver, August-September 2006 issue.

It's Mine! Canada - The Right Land for the Right Man. Canadian National Railways - The Right Way! poster, Canadian National Railways, Glenbow Archives, URL: https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1OAC8PVT?WS=PackagePres, Published ca. 1920-1935, Accessed 26/10/2021. (CU12926299). Courtesy of Libraries and Cultural Resources Digital Collections, University of Calgary.

British Boys learn how to own your farm in Canada! poster, Canadian Pacific Railroad Company, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/30484128@N03/14691209635, Published ca. 1925, Accessed 26/10/2021.

Canada West poster, Minister of the Interior, Government of Canada, URL: https://ocanadablog.com/2015/04/11/theyre-giving-away-land/, Accessed 26/10/2021.

Canada is your land for the asking poster, Assistant Superindendent of Emigration, London, URL: https://ocanadablog.com/2015/04/11/theyre-giving-away-land/, Accessed 27/10/2021.

Excerpt, Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of Starvation and the Loss of Aboriginal Life, James W. Daschuk, University of Regina Press, URL: https://bcmetis.com/news/opposing-aboriginal-views-of-sir-john-a-macdonald-day/, Published 2014, Accessed 27/10/2021. Sourced from: Bitterman, E. (2014, January 12). Opposing Aboriginal Views of Sir John A. Macdonald Day. BC Métis Federation.

Remembering Alberta’s Black History in Amber Valley, Global News Morning Calgary, Corus Entertainment, URL: https://globalnews.ca/video/7654604/remembering-albertas-black-history-in-amber-valley#autoplay, Published 22/02/2021, Accessed 16/11/2021.

Road allowance people, Photographer unknown, © Gabriel Dumont Institute Archival Collection, URL: https://indigenouspeoplesatlasofcanada.ca/article/communities/, Published nd, Accessed 16/03/2023. Source: Canadian Geographic Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada: Métis, The Royal Canadian Geographical Society (2018), p. 11.

Métis Historic Timeline, courtesy of Métis Nation of Ontario, URL: https://www.metisnation.org/culture-heritage/metis-timeline/, Accessed 22/11/2021.

Shooting the rapids, Frances Anne Hopkins, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=2894476&lang=eng, Published 1879, Accessed 01/11/2021. Acc. no. 1989-401-2/e011180748.

The Coat of Arms of the Hudson’s Bay Company, Hudson's Bay Company, URL: https://www.hbcheritage.ca/history/company-stories/coat-of-arms, Published 1670, Accessed 16/11/2021.

The Coat of Arms of the Northwest Company, Northwest Company, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=2895881&lang=eng, Published 1812, Accessed 01/11/2021. Simon McGillivray fonds, Box number: C008711, Acc. no. 1957-101.

The Fight at Seven Oaks, 1816, Charles William Jefferys, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=2899642&lang=eng, Accessed 01/11/2021. Acc. no. 1972-26-777.

Portrait of Cuthbert Grant, Archives of Manitoba, URL: http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/images/grant_cj.html, Published ca. 1850s, Accessed 01/11/2021. Source: Margaret Arnett MacLeod fonds, C23/29 (N10612).

Métis traders, Department Mines and Technical Surveys, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194973&lang=eng, Published ca. 1872-1875, Accessed 01/11/2021. C-004164.

The early Métis community in Sault Ste. Marie, Artist unknown, URL: https://www.metisnation.org/culture-heritage/metis-timeline/, Published ca. 1840s, Accessed 19/11/2021. Source: Métis Nation of Ontario.

Portrait of Louis Riel, Photographer: I. Bennetto & Co, Engraver: Octave-Henri Julien, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Riel.jpg, Published 1884, Accessed 01/11/2021. After a carte de visite.

Gabriel Dumont (1837-1906), Military Commander of the Métis during the North West Rebellion of 1885, Harvey J. Strong, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3192594&lang=eng, Published ca. 1880-1889, Accessed 01/11/2021. Jean Riel fonds/e011156649.

Opening the ball at Batoche, James Peters, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3246023&lang=eng, Published 1885, Accessed 19/11/2021. e011156617_s1 ; C-03464.

Northwest Rebellion Monument, Queen's Park, east side, in front of Parliament Buildings, Walter Seymour Allward, M.O. Hammond, Toronto Public Library, URL: https://digitalarchive.tpl.ca/objects/352453/northwest-rebellion-monument-queens-park-east-side-in-fr, Published 1921, Accessed 19/11/2021.

Proclamation of the Constitution Act 1982, Library and Archives Canada, URL: https://www.metisnation.org/culture-heritage/metis-timeline/, Published 1982, Accessed 29/10/2021. TPL archives # PICTURES-R-3271.

Steve Powley, Métis Nation of Ontario, URL: https://www.metisnation.org/culture-heritage/metis-timeline/, Accessed 29/10/2021.

Supreme Court Powley Case, Métis Nation of Ontario, URL: https://www.metisnation.org/culture-heritage/metis-timeline/, Published 2003, Accessed 29/10/2021.

Signing of the MNO-Ontario Framework Agreement, Métis Nation of Ontario, URL: https://www.metisnation.org/culture-heritage/metis-timeline/, Published November 2008, Accessed 29/10/2021.

Excerpt, Road Allowance People, from Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada, The Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Canadian Geographic Enterprises, URL: https://indigenouspeoplesatlasofcanada.ca/article/road-allowance-people/, Published 25/09/2018, Accessed 27/10/2021. Source: Canadian Geographic Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada.

Road Allowance People, The Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Canadian Geographic Enterprises, URL: https://indigenouspeoplesatlasofcanada.ca/article/road-allowance-people/, Published 25/09/2018, Accessed 27/10/2021. Source: Canadian Geographic Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada.

Map of Métis road allowance communities, The Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Canadian Geographic Enterprises, URL: https://indigenouspeoplesatlasofcanada.ca/article/road-allowance-people/, Published 25/09/2018, Accessed 27/10/2021. Source: Canadian Geographic Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada.

Two Métis road allowance people, Photographer unknown, © Gabriel Dumont Institute Archival Collection, URL: https://indigenouspeoplesatlasofcanada.ca/article/road-allowance-people/, Accessed 01/11/2021. Source: Canadian Geographic Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada.

Cancelled Land Scrip for 160 dollars, Department of the Interior, Government of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Metis_land_scrip_005005-e010836017-v8.jpg, Published 23/06/1894, Accessed 27/10/2021. LAC #RG15-D-II-8-f, volume 1395.

Excerpt, Métis, Rick Ouellet and Erin Hanson, Indigenous Foundations, First Nations & Indigenous Studies, The University of British Columbia, URL: https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/metis/, Accessed 27/10/2021.

Labrador Inuit: The pride of Nunatsiavut, Nunatsiavut Government, URL: https://www.nunatsiavut.com/visitors/labrador-inuit/, Accessed 19/11/2021.

Labrador Inuit people, Nunatsiavut Government, URL: https://www.nunatsiavut.com/visitors/labrador-inuit/, Accessed 19/11/2021.

Excerpt, A Brief History of Federal Inuit Policy Development: Lessons in Consultation and Cultural Competence, Erik Anderson, Sarah Bonesteel, Aboriginal Policy Research Consortium International (APRCi), URL: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1374&context=aprci, Published 2010, Accessed 27/10/2021. Volume 70.

Inuit identification tag, Canadian Museum of History, URL: https://www.historymuseum.ca/collections/artifact/24268, Published ca. 1950, Accessed 27/10/2021. Artifact No. IV-C-4497.

Ann Meekitjuk Hanson, Nunatsiaq News, Nortext Publishing Corporation (Iqaluit), URL: https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/89768_new_nunavut_commissioner_to_be_named_soon/, Accessed 27/10/2021. © Jim Bell/NUNATSIAQ NEWS.

What's in a Name? Names, as well as events, mark the road to Nunavut, Ann Meekitjuk Hanson, URL: https://leapintothevoidwithme.wordpress.com/2016/05/02/whats-in-a-name/, Published 02/05/2016, Accessed 27/10/2021.

Part 3: Assimilation, Gord Hill, Arsenal Pulp Press, URL: http://rabble.ca/books/reviews/2010/06/500-years-resistance, Published 2010, Accessed 22/11/2021. In The 500 Years of Resistance Comic Book. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press.

Distant view of Fort Qu'Appelle Indian Industrial School with tents, [Red River] carts and teepees outside the fence, Lebret, Saskatchewan, Oliver Buell, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194883&lang=eng, Published ca. 1885, Accessed 27/10/2021. PA-182246.

Felt throughout generations': A timeline of residential schools in Canada, Jeyen Jegenathan & Carla Lucchetta, TVO, OECA, URL: https://www.tvo.org/article/felt-throughout-generations-a-timeline-of-residential-schools-in-canada, Published 21/06/2021, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Residential Schools of Canada Memorial Map, National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation, URL: https://nctr.ca/memorial/national-student-memorial/memorial-map/, Published 01/05/2011, Accessed 29/10/2021.

John A. McDonald's Speech to the House of Commons in 1883, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.9_07186_1_2/369?r=0&s=1, Published 1883, Accessed 27/10/2021. Source: Official Reports of the Debates of the House of Commons of the Dominion of Canada. First Session, Fifth Parliament, April 20th to May 25th 1883.

Lejac Residential School, Canada. Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=4941985&lang=eng, Accessed 27/10/2021. e0006078856.

Portrait of Peter Henderson Bryce, Lancefields of Ottawa, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_H._Bryce.jpg, Published 1899, Accessed 21/03/2023.

Project of Heart: Illuminating the hidden history of Indian Residential Schools in BC - Peter Henderson Bryce, Project of Heart, The BC Teachers' Federation, URL: https://www.bctf.ca/classroom-resources/details/project-of-heart, Published October 2015, Accessed 27/10/2021.

Project of Heart: Illuminating the hidden history of Indian Residential Schools in BC - Duncan Campbell Scott, Project of Heart, The BC Teachers' Federation, URL: https://www.bctf.ca/classroom-resources/details/project-of-heart, Published October 2015, Accessed 27/10/2021.

Unidentified school, group of children standing on and in front of the steps, vicinity of Woodstock, New Brunswick, William James Topley, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3194033&lang=eng&new=-8585662495532190229, Published date unknown, Accessed 27/10/2021. PA-010657.

Practical sewing class at the Kamloops Indian Residential School, Basil Fox/The Kamloops Sentinal, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3378740&lang=eng&new=-8585662494565817398, Published ca. 1958-1959, Accessed 27/10/2021. PA-185655.

A Typical Day at Res School (2002), Celia Haig-Brown, Nishnawbw Aski Nation, URL: http://rschools.nan.on.ca/upload/documents/section-3/a-typcial-day-at-residential-school.pdf, Published 2013, Accessed 29/10/2021. In Haig-Brown, Celia. Resistance and Renewal: Surviving the Indian Residential School. Vancouver, B.C, Canada: Tillacum Library, 1988.

Boys in carpentry shop Kamloops Indian Residential School, British Columbia, 1958 or 1959, Basil Fox/The Kamloops Sentinal, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3378737&lang=eng&new=-8585662490269889270, Published ca. 1958-1959, Accessed 25/10/2021. PA-185652.

Main school, principal's residence, chapel, pumpline and cowbarn, Pelican Lake Indian Residential School, Sioux Lookout, Ontario, Canada. Dept. Indian and Northern Affairs, Library and Archives Canada, URL: https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/Pages/residential-schools-photo-sets-on.aspx, Published 26/09/1948, Accessed 27/10/2021. e011080330.

The Agenda with Steve Paikin - Mapping Residential Schools in Canada, TVO, OECA, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sNIUeUuXLk, Published 19/06/2020, Accessed 23/12/2021.

Image from Forgotten: The Métis Residential School Experience exhibit at NorQuest College, CFWE FM, NorQuest College, URL: https://www.cfweradio.ca/news/alberta-news/the-forgotten-the-metis-residential-school-experience-runs-through-february-at-norquest-college/, Published 02/02/2020, Accessed 29/10/2021.

Excerpt, Métis PowerPoint English - Legacy of Hope Foundation, Legacy of Hope Foundation, URL: https://studylib.net/doc/9537886/m%C3%A9tis-powerpoint-english---legacy-of-hope-foundation, Accessed 29/10/2021.

Excerpt, Indian Day Schools, Indian Residential School History and Dialogue Centre, University of British Columbia, URL: https://irshdc.ubc.ca/learn/indian-residential-schools/indian-day-schools/, Accessed 29/10/2021.

Métis Residential and Day School Survivors Speak, Métis National Council, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ChxfpY3Y8aI, Published 07/08/2014, Accessed 09/12/2021.

Residential schools, day schools, day scholars: what you need to know, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/residential-day-schools-scholars-1.6525827, Published 21/07/2022, Accessed 09/12/2022.

Canada must reckon with Indian Day Schools, too, Sean Carleton, Jackson Pind, TVO Today, OECA, URL: https://www.tvo.org/article/canada-must-reckon-with-indian-day-schools-too, Published 12/07/2022, Accessed 09/12/2022.

We Were So Far Away: The Inuit Experience of Residential Schools - Timeline, W. Jensen, Legacy of Hope Foundation, URL: https://legacyofhope.ca/weweresofaraway/timeline/, Published 2013, Accessed 30/11/2021. Based on research by David King and edited by Heather Igloliorte (2009), with additions by LHF (2013).

A man holds a flag with inscription 'Every Child Matters', NurPhoto/NurPhoto Collection/Getty Images

Chicago Notes - Bibliographic Documentation Style Guide, Student Services, MacEwan University, URL: https://www.macewan.ca/contribute/groups/public/@web/@src/@wls/documents/document/pfw_001503.pdf, Published 2019, Accessed 23/02/2023. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Unit 3

Aspects of My Identity Chart, adapted from First Nations Perspective on Health and Wellness, First Nations Health Authority, URL: https://www.fnha.ca/wellness/wellness-for-first-nations/first-nations-perspective-on-health-and-wellness, Accessed 16/11/2021.

Elders and Indigenous soldiers in the uniform of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, Canada. Department of the Interior, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3192219&lang=eng, Published ca. 1916-17, Accessed 01/11/2021. PA-041366.

Indigenous Veterans: Equals on the Battlefields, But Not at Home, Bob Joseph, Indigenous Corporate Training Inc, URL: https://www.ictinc.ca/blog/indigenous-veterans, Published 09/11/2021, Accessed 01/11/2021.

Sergeant Tommy Prince (R), M.M, 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, with his brother, Private Morris Prince, at an investiture at Buckingham Palace, Christopher J Woods. Canada. Department of National Defence, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3191550&lang=eng, Published 12/02/1945, Accessed 01/11/2021. PA-142289.

Ipperwash Crisis in 5 Minutes, sub.Media, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtFPSmyDCdA, Published 06/09/2017, Accessed 02/11/2021. Granted under a Creative Commons Atrribution License (CC BY 3.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/.

‘It’s inhumane’: Life at Stony Point 25 Years after the Ipperwash Crisis, Christina Howorun, CityNews, Rogers Media, URL: https://toronto.citynews.ca/2020/09/08/its-insane-life-at-stony-point-25-years-after-the-ipperwash-crisis/, Published Sat Aug 08 2020 20:00:00 GMT-0400 (Eastern Daylight Time), Accessed 01/11/2021.

1920 to 1927 Indian Act Becomes More Restrictive, First Nations Education Steering Committee, URL: http://www.fnesc.ca/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/IRSR11-12-DE-1920-1927.pdf, Published 2015, Accessed 01/11/2021. Source: Indian Residential Skills and Reconciliation Teacher Resource Guide for Gr. 11/12: Book 2.

Remarks made by Duncan Scott to the Special Committee on the Indian Act, 1920, Accessed 01/11/2021.

Bill Relating to Indian Lands, Victoria Daily Colonist, Published 13/03/1920, Accessed 01/11/2021.

Complaints Made by B.C. Indians, Victoria Daily Colonist, Published 23/04/1920, Accessed 01/11/2021.

Excerpt, Department of Indian Affairs Annual Report, from Canada Sessional Papers 1921, Department of Indian Affairs, Government of Canada, Published 1921, Accessed 01/11/2021. p. 13.

Excerpt, "In another hundred years civilization will have reached all peoples...", Vancouver Sun, Published 24/06/1925, Accessed 01/11/2021.

Excerpts, Conference Minutes, from the Conference of Dr. Duncan C. Scott, Deputy Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs of the Dominion of Canada, W.E. Ditchburn, Chief Inspector of Indian Agencies of British Columbia, with the Executive Committee of the Allied Indian Tribes of British Columbia, Department of Indian Affairs, Government of Canada, Published 07/08/1923, Accessed 01/11/2021.

Diefenbaker meeting with Chief Brono, Chief Joe Sangris, and the Mayor of Yellowknife, July 1961, National Film Board, University Archives & Special Collections, University of Saskatchewan, URL: https://memorysask.ca/john-diefenbaker-with-chief-brono-chief-joe-sangris-and-the-mayor-of-yellowknife-north-west-territories, Published July 1961, Accessed 01/11/2021. Source: John G. Diefenbaker fonds, Item JGD/MG01/XVII/JGD 3635.

Excerpt, The Indian Act, Erin Hanson, Indigenous Foundations, First Nations & Indigenous Studies, The University of British Columbia, URL: https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/the_indian_act/, Accessed 22/11/2021.

Indian Red Paper Brief to Government, Duncan Cameron, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3533979&lang=eng, Published 1970, Accessed 01/11/2021. PA-193380.

Residency Snapshot: The 1969 White Paper, KahnawakeTV, Mohawk Council of Kahnawà:ke, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51z2qYIpgpE, Published 08/09/2015, Accessed 03/11/2021.

Activism 1950s to 1970s, The Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Canadian Geographic Enterprises, URL: https://indigenouspeoplesatlasofcanada.ca/article/activism-1950s-to-1970s/, Published 25/09/2018, Accessed 27/10/2021. Source: Canadian Geographic Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada.

Witness Blanket, Witness Blanket, URL: http://witnessblanket.ca/#!/explore/, Published 2015, Accessed 17/11/2021. Source: Witness Blanket project.

Indigenous Resource Checklist, adapted from Indigenous Pedagogy: Evaluating Resources about Aboriginal Peoples, Our Word, Our Ways, Walking Together. First Nations, Métis and Inuit Perspectives in Curriculum, Government of Alberta, URL: https://www.learnalberta.ca/content/aswt/indigenous_pedagogy/documents/evaluating_resources.pdf, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Over 100 survivors, First Nations and members of the public gathered at the Manitoba Legislature at noon on June 18 ahead of the province's apology for the Sixties Scoop, Trevor Lyons, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/manitoba-premier-greg-selinger-apologizes-for-sixties-scoop-1.3118049, Published 18/06/2015, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Sixties Scoop, Erin Hanson, Indigenous Foundations, First Nations & Indigenous Studies, The University of British Columbia, URL: https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/sixties_scoop/, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Advertising Happiness: The perpetuation and normalization of the Sixties Scoop, Tansi Nîtôtemtik, University of Alberta Law, URL: https://ualbertalaw.typepad.com/faculty/2019/11/advertising-happiness-the-perpetuation-and-normalization-of-the-sixties-scoop.html, Published 21/11/2019, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Excerpt, View of Intergenerational Trauma: Convergence of Multiple Processes among First Nations peoples in Canada, Bombay, A, Matheson K. & Anisman, H, International Journal of Indigenous Health, University of Toronto Libraries Journal Production Services, URL: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/ijih/article/view/28987/23916, Published November 2009, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Continuity and Change Event Template, Mark Bauer, URL: https://www.socialglobalstudies.com/CONTINUITYCHANGEeventtemplate.pdf, Published 2022, Accessed 22/11/2022.

Excerpt, Address by the Honourable Jane Stewart, Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development on the occasion of the unveiling of Gathering Strength - Canada's Aboriginal Action Plan, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100015725/1571590271585, Published 07/01/1998, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement presentation, Indian Residential Schools Resolution Canada, Government of Canada, URL: http://archives.algomau.ca/main/sites/default/files/IRSRC_SettlementAgreementPresentation_Oct_EN_wm.pdf, Published October 2007, Accessed 07/02/2023. This reproduction is a copy of the version available through Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada.

The Day of the Apology, Indigenous Services Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0d-eSC30aPU, Published 2009, Accessed 08/11/2021. This reproduction is a copy of the version available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0d-eSC30aPU.

Excerpt, Five components of a Truth commission, Priscilla B. Hayner, Published 2010, Accessed 17/11/2021. Source: Unspeakable Truths: Transitional Justice and the Challenge of Truth Commissions (second edition). Routledge.

InFocus: National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation opens, APTN National News, APTN, URL: http://aptn.ca/news/2015/11/06/national-centre-for-truth-and-reconciliation-opens-infocus/, Published 16/11/2015, Accessed 03/11/2021.

Indian Day School Settlement: Background and Key Facts, Federal Indian Day School Class Action, Gowling WLG, URL: http://mncfn.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/indian-day-school-backgrounder.pdf, Accessed 22/11/2022.

Timeline, Federal Indian Day School Class Action, Gowling WLG, URL: https://indiandayschools.com/en/about/timeline/, Published 2022, Accessed 22/11/2022.

Are you part of the Sixties Scoop class litigation?, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1517425414802/1559830290668, Published 12/06/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Métis and non-status First Nations launch Sixties Scoop lawsuit over identity loss, The Canadian Press, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/Métis-non-status-first-nations-60s-scoop-lawsuit-1.4954054, Published 20/12/2018, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Nora Cummings, who was president of the Saskatchewan Native Women's Association, recruited hundreds of women for a meeting with the minister of Social Services in 1973 to protest adoption ads such as these from the province's Adopt Indian and Métis program, Connie Walker, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/Métis-non-status-first-nations-60s-scoop-lawsuit-1.4954054, Published 20/12/2018, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Indigenous children at Kahlin Compound, Northern Territory, Australia, Library & Archives Northern Territory, URL: https://australianstogether.org.au/discover/australian-history/stolen-generations, Published ca. 1921, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Stolen generations survivors to get 73 million in NSW compensation package, Christopher Knaus, The Guardian, URL: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/dec/02/stolen-generations-survivors-to-get-73m-in-nsw-compensation-package, Published 02/12/2016, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Grand Council Chief John Beaucage, Tanya Talaga, Toronto Star file photo, URL: https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/01/17/ontario_to_reform_aboriginal_child_welfare_system.html, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Indigenous children overrepresented in Canada’s child welfare system, research says, Sabrina Pourghassemi & Subhanghi Anandarajah, On The Record, Ryerson School of Journalism, URL: https://ontherecordnews.ca/indigenous-children-overrepresented-in-canadas-child-welfare-system-research-says/, Published 27/10/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Citizenship Education Framework, Curriculum and Resources, Ontario Ministry of Education, © King's Printer for Ontario, 2020-21, URL: https://www.dcp.edu.gov.on.ca/en/curriculum/secondary-first-nations-metis-and-inuit-studies/context/citizenship-education-in-the-first-nations-metis-and-inuit-studies-curriculum, Published 2019, Accessed 15/10/2021. Source: First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies, Citizenship Education in the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies Curriculum.

Decolonizing Children's Welfare, Cindy Blackstock, Ashoka Canada, URL: https://ashokacanada.org/fellow/cindy-blackstock/, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Signing of the Proclamation of the Consitution Act, 1982, Robert Cooper, Library and Archives Canada, URL: http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3206003&lang=eng, Published 17/04/1982, Accessed 17/10/2021. e008300499.

The History of the Charter, 6074332 Canada Inc, in association with SailorJones Media Inc, URL: http://www.charterofrights.ca/en/26_00_01, Accessed 17/10/2021. Source: Fundamental Freedoms - charterofrights.ca.

Background Information: Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada’s Constitution, Elections Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://electionsanddemocracy.ca/civic-action-then-and-now-0/background-information-aboriginal-and-treaty-rights-canadas-constitution, Accessed 17/10/2021. Source: Elections Canada Civic Education Program.

Excerpt, Constitution Act, 1982, Section 35, Erin Hanson, Indigenous Foundations, First Nations & Indigenous Studies, The University of British Columbia, URL: https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/constitution_act_1982_section_35/, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Excerpt, Métis Nation Citizenship - AWMAT, Algonquin Woodland Métis Anishinabek Tribe (AWMAT), URL: http://awmat.org/Métis-nation-citizenship, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Powley Case, Heather Conn, Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/powley-case, Published 03/12/2018, Accessed 13/12/2021. Courtesy of Historica Canada.

Definition of Métis, Métis Nation of Ontario, URL: https://www.Metisnation.org/registry/citizenship/frequently-asked-questions/, Accessed 17/11/2021.

IACHR: Complaints Regarding Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls in British Columbia, Canada. From left to right: Jeannette Corbiere Lavell, Native Women’s Association of Canada, Sharon McIvor, Canadian Feminist Alliance for International Action (FAFIA), Juan Manuel Herrera, OEA - OAS, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/oasoea/6878644818/in/album-72157629325098016/, Published 28/03/2012, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Residency Snapshot: Enfranchisement and Bill C-31, KahnawakeTV, Mohawk Council of Kahnawà:ke, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdF2L_nRFlA, Published 31/08/2015, Accessed 03/11/2021.

Bill C-31, Indigenous Foundations, First Nations & Indigenous Studies, The University of British Columbia, URL: https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/bill_c-31/, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Excerpt, First Nations women finally to be treated equally under Indian Act: Bennett, Justin Brake, APTN News, APTN, URL: https://aptnnews.ca/2019/08/16/first-nations-women-finally-to-be-treated-equally-under-indian-act-bennett/, Published 16/08/2019, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Prime Minister Brian Mulroney sits and reads a statement after he and the provincial premiers reached an agreement in principal on constitutional grievances, after meeting at Meech Lake, Charles Mitchell, The Canadian Press, URL: https://globalnews.ca/news/1225764/newly-released-cabinet-records-show-mulroney-castigated-trudeau-over-meech-lake/, Published 30/04/1987, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Elijah Harper raising his arm, Wayne Glowacki/Winnipeg Free Press, The Canadian Press, URL: https://www.canadashistory.ca/getmedia/036f2742-8ffd-4bb4-92bf-c7439f9639ec/ExpFirFindingReconciliationLeg768x1083.jpg.aspx?width=768&height=1083&ext=.jpg, Published 1987, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Phil Fontaine helps orchestrate the death of Meech Lake Accord, CBC Archives, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/native-issues/general-21/orchestrating-the-death-of-meech-lake.html, Published 19/07/1990, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Excerpts, Meech Lake-linked Cree leader Elijah Harper dies at 64, The Canadian Press, URL: https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/meech-lake-linked-cree-leader-elijah-harper-dies-at-64-1.1286039, Published 17/05/2013, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Chief Roger Williams following a landmark Supreme Court case concerning the Tsilhqot’in Nation’s land claims in 2014, Darryl Dyck, The Canadian Press, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/tsilhqot-in-land-ruling-was-a-game-changer-for-b-c-1.2875262, Published 26/06/2014, Accessed 11/11/2021.

The Agenda with Steve Paikin - This Land is Our (Title) Land, TVO, OECA, URL: https://www.tvo.org/video/this-land-is-our-title-land, Published 27/05/2015, Accessed 03/11/2021.

Excerpt, Aboriginal Land Claims and the Federal and Provincial Governments, Ontario Secretariat for Aboriginal Affairs, King's Printer for Ontario, URL: https://noto.ca/theoutfitterarchives/aboriginal_land_claims_and_government, Published 2005, Accessed 11/11/2021.

Excerpt, Comprehensive Claims, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100030577/1551196153650, Published 13/07/2015, Accessed 11/11/2021.

Excerpt, Specific Claims, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100030291/1539617582343, Published 30/07/2020, Accessed 11/11/2021.

Excerpt, Calder Case, Tanisha Salomons, Indigenous Foundations, First Nations & Indigenous Studies, The University of British Columbia, URL: https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/calder_case/, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Excerpt, Aboriginal Title, Erin Hanson, Indigenous Foundations, First Nations & Indigenous Studies, The University of British Columbia, URL: http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/aboriginal_title/, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Understanding the Treaty, Nisga’a Lisims Government, URL: http://www.nisgaanation.ca/understanding-treaty, Accessed 17/11/2021.

James Bay Project, James H. Marsh, Updated by Erin James-abra, Jessica Poulin, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, URL: https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/james-bay-project, Published 31/03/2022, Accessed 17/11/2021. Courtesy of Historica Canada.

Cree upset by Quebec's James Bay mega-project, CBC Radio News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/cree-upset-by-quebecs-james-bay-mega-project, Published 08/03/1972, Accessed 08/11/2021.

Excerpt, (d) Effects on Seasonal Flows, Justin Rodko, The Human Role in River Geomorphology, URL: https://sites.google.com/site/geomorphologyofdams/profile/effects-on-seasonal-flows, Published 2012, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Map of Quebec showing the location of Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee (CEI) communities, URL: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Quebec-showing-the-location-of-Cree-Nation-of-Eeyou-Istchee-CEI-communities_fig1_268283660, Published November 2014, Accessed 17/11/2021. Source: Rapinski, Michel & Liu, Rui & Saleem, Ammar & Arnason, John & Cuerrier, Alain. (2014). Environmental trends in the variation of biologically active phenolic compounds in Labrador Tea, Rhododendron groenlandicum, from Northern Quebec, Canada. Botany. 92. 10.1139/cjb-2013-0308.

Excerpt, Changing the Face of Canada, John Amagoalik, from Listening to Our Past, Francophone Association of Nunavut, URL: http://www.traditional-knowledge.ca/english/changing-the-face-canada-b33.html, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Creation of Nunavut, Peter Kikkert, Historica Canada, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nunavut, Published 09/08/2007, Accessed 17/11/2021.

The Agenda with Steve Paikin - Ontario Hubs: Cottages on Indigenous Land, TVO, OECA, URL: https://www.tvo.org/video/ontario-hubs-cottages-on-indigenous-land, Published 25/06/2018, Accessed 03/11/2021.

Decolonizing Cottage Country, Adam McDowell, TVO.org, OECA, URL: https://www.tvo.org/article/decolonizing-cottage-country, Published 28/06/2018, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Excerpt, Constitution Act, 1982 Section 35, Eric Hanson, Indigenous Foundations, First Nations & Indigenous Studies, The University of British Columbia, URL: https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/constitution_act_1982_section_35/, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Excerpt, Duty to consult with Aboriginal peoples in Ontario, Ontario Ministry of Indigenous Affairs, King's Printer for Ontario, URL: https://www.ontario.ca/page/duty-consult-aboriginal-peoples-ontario#section-0, Published 05/06/2013, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Map showing the disputed lands involved in the Oka Crisis, Jonathon Rivait, National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc, URL: https://nationalpost.com/news/since-1990-we-have-imploded-mohawks-at-oka-won-the-battle-but-they-lost-the-war, Published 10/07/2015, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Pte. Patrick Cloutier, a 'Van Doo' perimeter sentry, and Anishinaabe warrior Brad "Freddy Krueger" Larocque face off, Shaney Komulainen, The Canadian Press, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oka_stare_down.jpg, Published 01/09/1990, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Oka Moves (Neil Macdonald reports), CBC The National, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61ldZTjlfgE, Published 01/09/1990, Accessed 03/11/2021.

Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance, Alanis Obomsawin, National Film Board of Canada, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7yP3srFvhKs, Published 20/09/2011, Accessed 03/11/2021.

Looking Back: Path to a Settlement, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100016386/1542901037003, Published 12/04/2016, Accessed 17/11/2021. Source: The Ipperwash Final Settlement Agreement: A Journey Towards Reconciliation.

Excerpt, Report of the Ipperwash Inquiry, Chapter 3, Treaty Relations in Ontario, Sidney B. Linden, Commissioner, © The Ipperwash Inquiry, URL: http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/e_records/ipperwash/report/vol_2/pdf/E_Vol_2_Full.pdf, Published 31/05/2007, Accessed 23/11/2022. Page 43.

Excerpt, Constitution Act, 1982 Section 35, Part II, Rights of the Aboriginal Peoples of Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-13.html, Published 1982, Accessed 17/11/2021. Note: The Constitution Acts are an official work published by the Government of Canada; this reproduction has not been produced in affiliation with, or with the endorsement of the Government of Canada.

Law is on the side of Indigenous group in pipeline dispute say legal experts, Perrin Grauer, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, URL: https://www.thestar.com/vancouver/2019/01/17/law-is-on-the-side-of-indigenous-group-in-pipeline-dispute-say-legal-experts.html, Published 17/01/2019, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Six Miles Deep: Land Rights of the Six Nations of the Grand River, Six Nations Council, Six Nations of the Grand River, URL: https://www.tidridge.com/uploads/3/8/4/1/3841927/sixmilesdeep-booklet.pdf, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Haldimand Proclamation, Frederick Haldimand, on behalf of the British Crown, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldimand_Proclamation, Published 25/10/1784, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Beyond the Barricades, Jorge Barrera, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest, Published 25/11/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Map of the Six Nations of the Grand River area, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest, Published 25/11/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021. Map data © Google 2020.

Skyler Williams, left, walks along Argyle Street South with fellow members of 1492 Land Back Lane, Evan Mitsui, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest, Published 25/11/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Six Nations members lay shingles on a structure in the Kanonhstaton camp, Evan Mitsui, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest, Published 25/11/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Map illustrating the various barricades currently set up around the town of Caledonia, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest, Published 25/11/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021. Map data © Google 2020.

Crashed school bus, Evan Mitsui, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest, Published 25/11/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Copy of the injunction issued by Ontario Superior Court to halt the occupation of McKenzie Meadows is affixed to a pylon on Argyle, Evan Mitsui, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest, Published 25/11/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Skyler and Kahsenniyo Williams, photographed at the intersection of Argyle Street South and 6th Line, Evan Mitsui, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest, Published 25/11/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021.

A tire fire set next to a trench dug in the road near the entrance to the McKenzie Meadows development, renamed 1492 Land Back Lane, Jorge Barrera, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest, Published 25/11/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Map delineates the boundaries of the Haldimand Tract, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest, Published 25/11/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021. Map data © Google 2020.

Donna Silversmith, from the Cayuga Snipe clan, spends her days providing support in the way of food and encouragement at a camp for 1492 Land Back Lane, Jorge Barrera, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest, Published 25/11/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Hector MacDonald is a non-Six Nations resident whose home sits on 6th Line, Jorge Barrera, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest, Published 25/11/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Tracy Bomberry witnessed OPP officers arrest a Six Nations man involved with 1492 Land Back Lane who was suffering a mental health crisis, Jorge Barrera, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest, Published 25/11/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021.

A view of some of the tents that form the 1492 Land Back Lane camp on the planned McKenzie Meadows subdivision, Evan Mitsui, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest, Published 25/11/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Jace Wasgahegan came from an Algonquin First Nation in Quebec to join the 1492 Land Back Lane occupation, Jorge Barrera, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest, Published 25/11/2020, Accessed 17/11/2021.

Excerpt, Background information: Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada’s Constitution, Elections Canada Civic Education Program, Government of Canada, URL: https://electionsanddemocracy.ca/civic-action-then-and-now-0/background-information-aboriginal-and-treaty-rights-canadas-constitution, Accessed 10/11/2021.

What are human rights?, United for Human Rights/Youth for Human Rights International, URL: https://www.humanrights.com/what-are-human-rights/, Published 2009, Accessed 19/11/2021. Source: The Story of Human Rights.

Eleanor Roosevelt (USA) holding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Spanish as a poster (1 Nov. 1949), Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, National Archives and Records Administration, United States Government, URL: https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/second-bill-rights, Published 01/11/1949, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations, URL: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf, Published 10/12/1948, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Cree Youth Walkers arrive in Ottawa, Paul McKinnon//Getty Images

Cover, U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, United Nations, URL: https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf, Published 13/09/2007, Accessed 10/11/2021.

United Nations Declaration on the Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), United Nations, URL: https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf, Published 13/09/2007, Accessed 10/11/2021.

The Umbrella of Indigenous Resiliency, Monique Gray Smith, Orca Book Publisher, URL: https://twitter.com/ltldrum/status/1091755030330241024, Published 2017, Accessed 08/11/2021. Source: Speaking Our Truth: A journey of reconciliation.

Infographic: Indigenous Poverty, TVO, OECA, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20130102235745/http://ww3.tvo.org/whypoverty/info/aboriginal-poverty, Accessed 10/11/2021.

What Would it Look Like to Take the First Nations Water Crisis Seriously?, Hilary Beaumont, The Walrus, URL: https://thewalrus.ca/what-would-it-look-like-to-take-the-first-nations-water-crisis-seriously/, Published 13/02/2020, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Excerpt, Lubicon Land Claim Talks Back on Track, Ivan Morin, Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations (FSIN), URL: http://www.sicc.sk.ca/archive/saskindian/a88dec06.html, Published December 1988, Accessed 10/11/2021. Source: Saskatchewan Indian, p. 6.

Excerpt, About the Lubicon Nation, Settlers in Support of Indigenous Sovereignty, URL: http://sisis.nativeweb.org/lubicon/lubicon.html, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Excerpt, Canada: 20 years’ denial of recommendations made by the United Nations Human Rights Committee and the continuing impact on the Lubicon Cree, Amnesty International Publications, URL: https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/amr200032010en.pdf, Published 2008, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Excerpt, Canada preposterously refuses to negotiate with Lubicons, John Ahni Schertow, Center for World Indigenous Studies, URL: https://intercontinentalcry.org/canada-preposterously-refuses-to-negotiate-with-lubicons/, Published 24/08/2006, Accessed 10/11/2021. Source: Intercontinental Cry.

Whose land is it anyway? [8th Fire: Aboriginal Peoples, Canada & the Way Forward, Episode 3], Michel Philibert, Director, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: http://www.cbc.ca/8thfire/2011/11/whose-land-is-it-anyway.html, Published 2012, Accessed 03/11/2021.

Countdown to Friday: Explaining Idle No More, The National, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2323880547, Published 2011, Accessed 04/11/2021.

Idle No More PSA, Idle No More, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tj9ML5TKeLg, Published 26/02/2013, Accessed 22/11/2021.

Sheelah McLean, Nina Wilson, Sylvia McAdam, and Jessica Gordon, M. Pet Productions, URL: https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/change-makers-sheelah-mclean-nina-wilson-sylvia-mcadam-and-jessica-gordon, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Excerpt, Idle No More Calls for Day of Action, Oct. 7th 2013, Cultural Survival, URL: https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/idle-no-more-calls-day-action-oct-7th-2013, Published 18/09/2013, Accessed 10/11/2021. Reposted from First Peoples Worldwide: firstpeoples.org.

Average per-student funding for First Nation schools from 1996 to 2011, Chiefs Assembly on Education, Assembly of First Nations, URL: http://www.afn.ca/uploads/files/events/fact_sheet-ccoe-8.pdf, Accessed 10/11/2021. Source: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Financial Information (1996-2011); Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Nominal roll statistics (1996-2011).

End the Gap | Fair Funding for First Nations Schools, #EndtheGap Campaign, Wii Chiiwaakanak Learning Centre, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LchiS8eQ7UM, Published 02/10/2015, Accessed 04/11/2021.

First Nations, Inuit and Métis Education in Ontario fact sheet, Canadian Federation of Students–Ontario, URL: https://www.cfsontario.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2017.01-Indigenous-Education-fact-sheet.pdf, Published January 2017, Accessed 23/11/2021.

Aboriginal languages should be official, Olga Lovick, Winnipeg Free Press, URL: https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/analysis/aboriginal-languages-should-be-official-317509341.html, Published 20/07/2015, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations, URL: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf, Published 10/12/1948, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Unit 4

The Métis flag, Enjoyhats, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_flag#/media/File:Metis_Blue.svg, Published 27/12/2006, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Simon Fobister, Chief of Grassy Narrows First Nation, Todd Korol, Toronto Star, URL: https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/01/16/grassy-narrows-first-nation-wants-to-test-mill-area-for-mercury-contamination.html, Published 25/06/2016, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Walk for Reconciliation in Ottawa, May 31, 2015, Creator unknown, Reconciliation Canada – A New Way Forward Society, URL: https://reconciliationcanada.ca/walk-for-reconciliation-ottawa-on-may-31-2015/, Published 31/05/2015, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Reconciliation or Conciliation? An Inuit Perspective, John Amagoalik, URL: https://www.ahf.ca/downloads/from-truth-to-reconciliation-transforming-the-legacy-of-residential-schools.pdf, Published 2008, Accessed 10/11/2021. In M.B. Castellano, L. Archibald, & M. DeGagné, From Truth to Reconciliation: Transforming the Legacy of Residential Schools (2nd Edition, pp. 91-97. Aboriginal Healing Foundation.

Photo of, and quote from, Chief Robert Joseph, Photo: Yolande Cole; Quote: Chief Dr. Robert Joseph, URL: https://events.viu.ca/sites/default/files/chiefjoseph.jpg, Published 2013, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Truth and Reconciliation with Chief Robert Joseph, Thought Café, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_jUXiOSbp4, Published 27/04/2019, Accessed 03/11/2021.

National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation Archives, What is Reconciliation: MDO105, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.

On National Aboriginal Day, what does reconciliation mean to you?, Jean-Paul Restoule, Associate Professor of Aboriginal Education at OISE/University of Toronto, Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, URL: https://www.federationhss.ca/en/node/880, Published 18/06/2015, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Reconciliation art project with painted stones, Reconciliation Canada – A New Way Forward Society, URL: https://reconciliationcanada.ca/walk-for-reconciliation-2017/reconciliation-art-project/, Accessed 26/11/2021.

Edmontonian shares his poem about surviving residential schools, Catherine Griwkowsky, Edmonton Sun, a division of Postmedia Network Inc, URL: https://edmontonsun.com/2014/03/27/edmontonian-shares-his-poem-about-surviving-residential-schools, Published 27/03/2014, Accessed 07/12/2021.

Terry Lusty, Catherine Griwkowsky, Edmonton Sun, a division of Postmedia Network Inc, URL: https://edmontonsun.com/2014/03/27/edmontonian-shares-his-poem-about-surviving-residential-schools, Published 27/03/2014, Accessed 07/12/2021.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, URL: https://ehprnh2mwo3.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf, Published 2015, Accessed 09/11/2021.

B.C. author challenges Canadians to sign up for TRC reading challenge, Chantelle Bellrichard, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/bc-author-challenges-canadians-to-sign-up-trc-challenge-1.3530849, Published 11/04/2016, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Beyond 94: A bold new interactive CBC Indigenous project, David Demchuk, CBC Indigenous, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/your-public-broadcaster/blog/beyond-94, Published 19/03/2018, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Ontario Hubs: The Final MMIWG Report, TVO, OECA, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfZALg4Lmvg, Published 07/06/2019, Accessed 23/12/2021.

Cover, Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG), Government of Canada Publications, URL: https://www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/final-report/, Published 2019, Accessed 10/11/2021. Includes the following works: Dee-Jay Monika Rumbolt (Snowbird), Motherly Love, The Saa-Ust Centre, star blanket community art piece, Christi Belcourt, This Painting is a Mirror.

Calls to Justice, Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG), Government of Canada Publications, URL: https://www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Calls_for_Justice.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0yVRw8LNQX4nLInOcRKB7qQd1wCYMybSO6LpRpy18M_4Lp3NswEl2WEMg, Published 2019, Accessed 10/11/2021. Pages 167-218.

Reconciling in the Apocalypse, Erica Violet Lee, Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (CCPA), URL: https://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/monitor/reconciling-apocalypse, Published 01/03/2016, Accessed 10/11/2021. Source: March/April 2016 issue of the The Monitor.

Excerpt, 4 Rs Youth Movement - Our Story, 4 Rs Youth Movement, URL: https://4rsyouth.ca/about/our-story/, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Our Story - The 4Rs Youth Movement, 4Rs Youth Movement, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9XlFUAasrc, Published 13/05/2016, Accessed 23/11/2021.

National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation Archives, SNE Education Day: MDSNE101, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.

National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation Archives, Educating Our Youth: MDBCNE102, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.

Definition of Ally, Jamie Washington & Nancy J. Evans, URL: From "Becoming an Ally", Published 2000, Accessed 10/11/2021. Source: Maurianne Adams, Warren J. Blumenfeld, Carmelita Castaneda, Heather W. Hackman, Madeline L. Peters, Ximena Zuniga, Editors, Readings for diversity and social justice: An Anthology on Racism, Antisemitism, Sexism, Heterosexism, Ableism, and Classism, second edition, Routledge, pp. 416-420.

Building an Ally, Unreserved with Rosanna Deerchild, CBC Radio, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2683084457, Published 07/02/2016, Accessed 21/12/2021.

Portrait of Monique Woroniak, Monique Woroniak, Winnipeg Public Library, URL: https://accessconference.ca/speaker/monique-woroniak/, Accessed 10/11/2021.

People march during the Every Child Matters walk in honour of children who lost their lives in Canada's Residential School system, in Toronto, Canada, on July 1, 2021, Cole Burston/AFP/Getty Images

The Agenda with Steve Paikin - Renu Mandhane: Human Rights 101, TVO, OECA, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9w9Vo7sCcBI, Published 06/01/2016, Accessed 08/11/2021.

Regional Chief Terry Teegee, Chad Hipolito, The Canadian Press, URL: https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/undrip-is-a-step-towards-reconciliation/, Published 24/10/2019, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Excerpt, Canadian governments and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1524502914394/1557512757504, Published August 2021, Accessed 09/11/2021.

How UNDRIP Changes Canada’s Relationship with Indigenous Peoples, Centre for International Governance Innovation, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Tq7Mnlavqs&t=3s, Published 09/11/2018, Accessed 08/11/2021.

Participants hold a banner during the Orange Shirt Day and National Day of Truth and Reconciliation at Dundas Square, Toronto, SOPA Images/LightRocket/Getty Images

Why does Canada want to implement the United Nations Declaration for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples?, Department of Justice, Government of Canada, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20210411172201/https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/declaration/why-pourquoi.html, Accessed 24/11/2021. This article is a copy of the version available at justice.gc.ca.

Citizenship Education Framework, Curriculum and Resources, Ontario Ministry of Education, © King's Printer for Ontario, URL: https://www.dcp.edu.gov.on.ca/en/curriculum/secondary-first-nations-metis-and-inuit-studies/context/citizenship-education-in-the-first-nations-metis-and-inuit-studies-curriculum, Published 2019, Accessed 15/10/2021. Source: First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies, Citizenship Education in the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies Curriculum.

Figuring out the Who, Where, How and What to Implement UNDRIP in Canada, Centre for International Governance Innovation, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mO6JS20jDgQ, Published 27/06/2019, Accessed 08/11/2021.

Opinion: Nobody needs UNDRIP, except maybe lawyers, Andrew Roman, Financial Post, URL: https://financialpost.com/opinion/opinion-nobody-needs-undrip-except-maybe-lawyers, Published 18/12/2020, Accessed 10/11/2021. A division of Postmedia Network Inc.

Justice Minister David Lametti, Andrian Wyld, The Canadian Press, URL: https://financialpost.com/opinion/opinion-nobody-needs-undrip-except-maybe-lawyers, Published 03/12/2020, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Reading of Bill 41: A new law to uphold Indigenous rights in BC, Province of British Columbia, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bcgovphotos/48954472841, Published 24/10/2019, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Excerpt, B.C. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act, Ministry of Indigenous Relations and Reconciliation, Province of British Columbia, URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20210116012301/https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/governments/indigenous-people/new-relationship/united-nations-declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples, Published 28/11/2019, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Excerpt, Free, Prior and Informed Consent, IsumaTV, URL: http://www.isuma.tv/free-prior-and-informed-consent-fpic, Published 10/10/2014, Accessed 10/11/2021.

UNDRIP will be implemented in Canada no matter political party in power says economic analyst, Nation to Nation podcast, APTN, URL: https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9uYXRpb250b25hdGlvbi5saWJzeW4uY29tL3Jzcw/episode/MjE5ZDBkYjgtMjc0MC00NzdkLTk1YjAtYmU1Mjk3M2VjMjc5?hl=en-CA&ved=2ahUKEwil64fUq-LvAhUYVs0KHT9ACx0QjrkEegQIBBAF&ep=6, Published 02/04/2021, Accessed 30/11/2021.

EDITORIAL | No pipeline against Indigenous consent is a good pipeline, Martlett Staff, Martlett Publishing Society, URL: https://www.martlet.ca/editorial-no-pipeline-against-indigenous-consent-is-a-good-pipeline/, Published 22/01/2020, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Ellen Gabriel: Bill C-15 is chance ‘to actually break with the colonial status quo', Katsi’tsakwas Ellen Gabriel, Ricochet, URL: https://ricochet.media/en/3593/ellen-gabriel-bill-c-15-is-chance-to-actually-break-with-the-colonial-status-quo, Published 12/04/2021, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Métis Scholar explores the importance of UNDRIP: Meet Indigenous Scholar Brenda L. Gunn, Nickita Longman, UM Today News, University of Manitoba, URL: https://news.umanitoba.ca/metis-scholar-explores-the-importance-of-undrip/, Published 17/12/2020, Accessed 10/11/2021.

Submission to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Indigenous and Northern Affairs, Bill C-15: An Act Respecting the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, URL: https://www.itk.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/20210412-ITK-submission-to-INAN-Bill-C-15_E.pdf, Published April 2021, Accessed 08/11/2021.

Indigenous rights: how Bolivia got ahead of Canada, Stephanie Wood & Emma McIntosh, Canada's National Observer, Observer Media Group, URL: https://www.nationalobserver.com/2019/12/08/news/indigenous-rights-how-bolivia-got-ahead-canada, Published 08/12/2019, Accessed 10/11/2021.

10th anniversary UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, UN Human Rights, The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhw5Ko0o5xE, Published 29/11/2017, Accessed 08/11/2021. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode.

Nation to Nation: Honouring the Royal Proclamation of 1763, Mennonite Church Canada, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFyuI7gzy_0, Published 17/10/2013, Accessed 08/11/2021.

Excerpt, What is Wampum?, Haudenosaunee traditional statements, Friends of Ganondagan, URL: https://www.ganondagan.org/Learning/Wampum, Published 2020, Accessed 08/11/2021.

Excerpt, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, URL: https://ehprnh2mwo3.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf, Published 2015, Accessed 09/11/2021. p. 8.

National Map of Canada Lands, Natural Resources Canada, Earth Sciences Sector, Surveyor General Branch, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geomatics/canada-lands-surveys/11090, Published 17/03/2022, Accessed 12/12/2022. © 2022. His Majesty the King in Right of Canada , Natural Resources Canada. Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada.

Excerpt, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, United Nations, URL: https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf, . p. 11.

The Agenda with Steve Paikin - This Land is Our (Title) Land, TVO, OECA, URL: https://www.tvo.org/video/this-land-is-our-title-land, Published 27/05/2015, Accessed 03/11/2021.

Until Canada gives Indigenous people their land back, there can never be reconciliation, Arthur Manuel, Rabble, URL: https://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/views-expressed/2017/01/until-canada-gives-indigenous-people-their-land-back-there-ca, Published 18/01/2017, Accessed 09/11/2021.

#LandBack: What does it mean & how do you enact it?, Yellowhead Institute, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mouBKKNgAx0, Published 19/03/2021, Accessed 08/11/2021.

Land Reparations & Indigenous Solidarity Toolkit, Resource Generation, URL: https://resourcegeneration.org/land-reparations-indigenous-solidarity-action-guide/, Published 2018, Accessed 25/11/2021.

Looking forward to a future under self government, youth members of the Tla'amin Nation were joined by Premier Christy Clark as they placed personal mementos into a time capsule, celebrating the introduction of provincial legislation to ratify the Tla'amin treaty, Province of British Columbia, URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-self-government, Published 21/10/2011, Accessed 25/11/2021.

Excerpt, Abolishing the Indian Act means eliminating First Nations’ rights, Pam Palmater, Maclean's, St. Joseph Communications, URL: https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/abolishing-the-indian-act-means-eliminating-first-nations-rights/, Published 10/10/2019, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Excerpt, "Band by band": Russell Diabo on efforts to 'terminate' Indigenous rights, Abram Lutes, NB Media Co-op, URL: https://nbmediacoop.org/2019/07/26/band-by-band-russell-diabo-on-efforts-to-terminate-indigenous-rights/, Published 26/07/2019, Accessed 23/03/2023.

Our Journey: Yukon First Nations Land Claims and Self-Government, Mapping the Way, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8M6LyV-Pjcw, Published 03/10/2018, Accessed 02/02/2023.

Excerpt, Differences between Self-Governing First Nations and Indian Act Bands, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028429/1616789617763, Published 15/09/2010, Accessed 25/11/2021.

What Yukon First Nations Self-Government Means to Me, Mapping the Way, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b65ui2HrEFA, Published 07/02/2018, Accessed 02/02/2023.

Métis Government Recognition and Self Government Agreement signed, Métis Nation of Ontario, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHAiCGlCjFk, Published 21/01/2020, Accessed 08/11/2021.

Secure Certficate of Indian Status, from Is your status card valid, Indigenous Services Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1100100032424/1572461852643, Published 29/11/2022, Accessed 21/12/2022.

My six nation Haudenosaunee passport is not a ‘fantasy document’, Sid Hill, The Guardian, The Guardian News & Media Limited, URL: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/30/my-six-nation-haudenosaunee-passport-not-fantasy-document-indigenous-nations, Published 30/10/2015, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Métis Registration Guide, Métis National Council (MNC), URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20200218213149/https://www.metisnation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/M%c3%a9tis-Registration-Guide.pdf, Published 2011, Accessed 09/11/2021. pp. 2-4.

How I tried and failed to be Métis, Melanie Paradis, contributed to The Globe and Mail, The Globe and Mail Inc, URL: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/how-i-tried-and-failed-to-be-metis/article35903420/, Published 08/08/2017, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Gregg Deal outside the Denver Art Museum, Gregg Deal, URL: http://www.cbc.ca/radio/unreserved/the-connection-between-traditional-fashion-cultural-footwear-and-modern-identity-1.3359711/performance-art-challenges-public-s-perception-of-indigenous-stereotypes-1.3359713, Published 2015, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Powwow Participant Displays Anti-Mascot Pin, Mike Simons/Getty Images North America/Getty Images

Thunder Bay Talks Racism: First Nations and Stereotypes, The Agenda with Steve Paikin, OECA, URL: https://www.tvo.org/video/thunder-bay-talks-racism-first-nations-and-stereotypes, Accessed 08/11/2021.

Canadian novelist and broadcaster Thomas King, MCing a protest for Ardoch Algonquin First Nation, Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation, and Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation at Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, Themightyquill, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_King.JPG, Published 26/05/2008, Accessed 09/11/2021.

I’m Not the Indian You Had in Mind, Thomas King, URL: https://www.poetryinvoice.com/sites/default/files/im_not_the_indian_you_had_in_mind-_poem.pdf, Published 2003, Accessed 25/11/2021. From The Truth About Stories: A Native Narrative, House of Anansi Press.

Breaking Down Stereotypes, First Peoples House of Learning, Trent University, URL: https://www.trentu.ca/fphl/cultural-support/breaking-down-stereotypes, Accessed 13/12/2021.

Excerpt, Cultural Transmission, Matthew J. Taylor and Candace A. Thoth, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_755, Published 2011, Accessed 09/11/2021. In Goldstein, S, Naglieri, J.A. (eds), Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development. Springer, Boston, MA, pp. 448-451.

Cultural Identity: Issues of Belonging, Rachelle Chaykin, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PE9GbjtO6Q, Published 12/07/2018, Accessed 08/11/2021.

Downtown Winnipeg BIZ decals featuring welcoming messages in eight languages, including Ojibwa, Cree, Nene, Michif, Dakota and Inuktitut, Downtown Winnipeg BIZ Aboriginal Peoples' Advisory Committee, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/downtown-winnipeg-initiative-aboriginal-welcome-1.3540620, Published 2016, Accessed 30/11/2021. From Winnipeg Downtown BIZ welcomes indigenous people downtown with decals, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, 18/04/2016.

How Canada’s Proposed Indigenous Languages Act Fails to Deliver, Lorena Sekwan Fontaine, David Leitch and Andrea Bear Nicholas, Yellowhead Institute, URL: https://yellowheadinstitute.org/2019/05/09/how-canadas-proposed-indigenous-languages-act-fails-to-deliver/, Published 09/05/2019, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Excerpt, Why Is It Important To Protect & Revitalize Indigenous Languages?, Bob Joseph, Indigenous Corporate Training Inc, URL: https://www.ictinc.ca/blog/why-is-it-important-to-protect-revitalize-indigenous-languages, Published 15/02/2019, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Students at Sturgeon Lake Central School in Shellbrook, Sask, learning Cree, Jason Warick, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/indigenous-language-opinion-boulanger-1.4815559, Published 04/10/2018, Accessed 09/11/2021. From Indigenous languages must be nurtured in early childhood education settings, Binesi Boulanger, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada.

Indigenous languages must be nurtured in early childhood education settings, Binesi Boulanger, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/indigenous-language-opinion-boulanger-1.4815559, Published 04/10/2018, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Odelia Dennis and mentor Theresa Etzerza tell a story in Tāłtān to edōne in K’asba’e T’oh (Dease Lake Nest), Dease Lake Nest, Tahltan Central Government, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20200812054819/http://tahltanlanguage.com/language-nest/, Accessed 30/11/2021.

New Indigenous language app targets ‘21st century’ learners, Amy Hadley, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/indigenous-language-app-1.4970376, Published 11/01/2019, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Onkwanónhkwa Episode 1: The Great Mullein/Tsawenhsa'kó:wa, Iorì:wase, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYZffB8k6NA, Published 15/07/2019, Accessed 30/11/2021.

Countryside twilight sunset dusk, PxHere, URL: https://pxhere.com/en/photo/970922, Published 03/04/2017, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Inukshuk outside the Ottawa Inuit Children’s Centre (OICC), Leyland Cecco, Al Jazeera America, URL: http://america.aljazeera.com/multimedia/2014/11/urban-inuit-canada.html, Published 23/11/2014, Accessed 09/11/2021. In Urban Inuit: Nomads from the Arctic find new home in Canada's capital, Al Jazeera America.

Urban Inuit: Nomads from the Arctic find a new home in Canada’s capital, Leyland Cecco, Al Jazeera America, URL: http://america.aljazeera.com/multimedia/2014/11/urban-inuit-canada.html, Published 23/11/2104, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Drake Trudeau quote, Drake Trudeau, National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, URL: https://twitter.com/NCTR_UM/status/704787884692389890, Published 01/03/2016, Accessed 09/11/2021.

How a Halifax couple is helping urban Indigenous youth reconnect to their culture through the land, Haley Ryan, StarMetro Halifax, Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, URL: https://www.thestar.com/halifax/2018/11/13/how-a-halifax-couple-is-helping-urban-indigenous-youth-reconnect-to-their-culture-through-the-land.html, Published 13/11/2018, Accessed 09/11/2021.

The Métis flag, Enjoyhats, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_flag#/media/File:Metis_Blue.svg, Published 27/12/2006, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Aboriginality: What is decolonization?, Billy-Ray Belcourt, The Gateway, URL: https://thegatewayonline.ca/archives/2013/index.php/article/view/aboriginality_what_is_ decolonization, Published 14/08/2013, Accessed 09/11/2021. Source: Gateway Student Journalism Society (GSJS), University of Alberta.

Indigenous Climate Action: Community-based solutions rooted in decolonization, Climate Atlas of Canada, Prairie Climate Centre, University of Winnipeg, URL: https://climateatlas.ca/video/indigenous-climate-action, Published 03/07/2019, Accessed 01/12/2022. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

Ogimaa Mikana Project sign, Ogimaa Mikana Project, URL: https://www.tvo.org/article/bearing-witness-to-torontos-hidden-indigenous-history, Published 10/03/2016, Accessed 09/11/2021. Source: http://ogimaamikana.tumblr.com/.

Giving my children Cree names is a powerful act of reclamation, Chelsea Vowel, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/opinion-cree-names-reclamation-chelsea-vowel-1.4887604, Published 04/11/2018, Accessed 09/11/2021.

Regalia: Pride in Two Spirits, Love Intersections, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfjHgG7IPCI, Published 15/11/2015, Accessed 01/12/2021.

Plaques set up around Toronto tell the slave-owning pasts of prominent historical families, Ania Bessonov, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/plaques-toronto-streets-person-anonymous-1.5697002, Published 23/08/2020, Accessed 09/11/2021.

New Beginnings, Christi Belcourt and Isaac Murdoch, URL: https://mackenzie.art/experience/exhibition/uprising-the-power-of-mother-earth-christi-belcourt/, Published 2014, Accessed 23/11/2021.

Two Row Wampum – Gä•sweñta’, Onondaga Nation, URL: http://www.onondaganation.org/culture/wampum/two-row-wampum-belt-guswenta/, Accessed 28/10/2021.

Comic: What is Colonialism?, Zig Zag (Gord Hill), URL: https://warriorpublications.wordpress.com/2014/10/31/comic-what-is-colonialism/, Published 31/20/2014, Accessed 21/10/2021. [Standard].

People march during the Every Child Matters walk in honour of children who lost their lives in Canada's Residential School system, in Toronto, Canada, on July 1, 2021, Cole Burston/AFP/Getty Images